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GRAMMAR 



BIBLICAL CHALDAIC LANGUAGE 



TALMUD BABLL IDIOMS. 



BY 



S. D. LUZZATTO, 

LATE PROFESSOR IN THE BABBINICAL INSTITUTE AT PADUA, ITALY. 



TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN, AND LARGELY REVIEWED 



J. S. GOLDAMMER, D.P., 

RABBI IN CINCINNATI 



Qui transtulit mstinel." 




NEW YORK: 
JOHN WILEY & SONS, 

15 ASTOR PLACE. 

187C. 



1p 



Enter; d according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S76, by 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, 
In the O.nce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



JoriN F. Trow & Sov, 

PRINTKRS AND BOOKBINDERS, 

2U5-213 East \Wi St., 

NEW YORK. 



THE PRINCIPAL FOUNDERS OF THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE: 

Dr. I. M. WISE, 
M. LOTH, Esquire, 
H. ADLER, 

RESPECTFULLY 



THE EDITOR. 



PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. 



There is no ancient language into which the gram- 
marians have brought more confusion for its teachers 
and pupils than the Chaldaic. They have compiled 
rules and laws for the study of this vernacular regard- 
less of its different dialects, and thus have increased 
the difficulties the student has to meet with whenever 
entering the field of dead languages. The attempt, 
therefore, to treat particularly each dialect of this 
tongue in its grammatical proprieties, in order to make 
the student perceptibly familiar with the different 
principles prevailing in its different phraseologies, must 
be considered as one of the methods the most appro- 
priate for acquiring a thorough knowledge of the Chal- 
daic language, and that the author succeeded in his 
endeavors is unquestionably shown in each paragraph 
of this work. 

The method applied in this grammar is as plain as 
intelligible, and entirely adapted to the use of the stu- 
dent who aims to acquire in as short a time as pos- 
sible a clear understanding of the Chaldaic sections in 
the Bible, which are of the greatest importance to 
biblicists, and especially to theologians. 

As to the talmudical grammar, it seems proper to be 
observed, that : 



VI PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. 

1) This grammar is the first attempt that ever has 
been made to show the dialect of the Semitic tongue 
in the Talmud, hitherto considered as of a style as con- 
fused as anarchical, to be inferior to no lan^ua^e con- 
cerning the grammatical organizations of laws and 
principles, without which no language ever became the 
true expression of ideas. 

2) By the use of this grammar the student will 
acquire a knowledge of the subject he chooses to study 
on clearer, and a perception more definite than has 
generally been the case as long as a grammarless 
method has been observed. 

3) This grammar affords the teachers of the Talmud 
a new method of instruction, more fruitful and more 
efficient than any that has been observed ever since in 
any theological school. 

4) The difficulties of self-instruction in the Talmud, 
almost insuperable, as is generally known, will greatly 
be surmounted by the use of this grammar. 

There are some of the D^rnab who boastingly claim 
to have acquired talmudical attainments without the 
least knowledge of grammar; but such claims are to be 
credited no more than the pretension of a mariner to 
determine the direction of his ship without the aid of 
a compass ; for, what the compass is to the mariner, that 
is the grammar to the p»b in the ocean of the Talmud. 

5) The importance of this grammar will be highly 
acknowledged by every scholar of Jewish theology, not 
only in regard to the study of the Talmud, but also to 
what concerns the reading of the vast literature accu- 
mulated around this gigantic work during so many 
centuries. There is within the whole range of our 



PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. Vll 

theological literature scarcely one writer who did not 
make use of the talmudical dialect, and there will be 
found ever so many passages which, hitherto obscure 
to the reader for want of a theoretical knowledge of 
the language, may satisfactorily be elucidated by 
application of this grammar. 

But above all these considerations, this book owns 
yet another, more intrinsic merit for the favor of all 
friends of Semitic literature and for their permanent 
patronage. This merit consists in the facility it fur- 
nishes to a ready knowledge of a language which not 
only was spoken by a people yet in existence, and in 
close intercourse with almost all living nations, but 
which also embraces within its sacred folds thoughts 
and ideas being the very nucleus of our present moral 
and religious life. At a time when the monuments of 
dead antiquity rise to tell us stories of lost ages ; at a 
time when the sounds that rung on the lips of nations 
forgotten thousands of years ago, and of scarcely any 
relation to the conditions of our present life, are resus- 
citated and remolded into their original forms — at such 
a time one can hardly be able to plead in excuse for 
dooming to silence a tongue that speaks even as yet as 
powerfully to the very soul of our life as in times of 
yore. Let us therefore release from oblivion our 
beloved Talmud, and adapt it to a thorough study for 
our youth in removing every obscurity from its lan- 
guage through the light of a grammatical exposition 
of its laws and principles, as was intended to by the 
author of this book. And should the feeble efforts in 
translating it into English prove a help to the Ameri- 
can student of Jewish learning, such as to enable him to 



YU1 PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. 

acquire a clear knowledge of the Talmud, then the 
Editor's fondest anticipation will fully be realized. 

Considering this grammar as the first attempt of the 
kind, the reader will hardly find it strange that the 
author 1 s opinions, though keenly developed and sup- 
ported by deep erudition, yet often lack that trait of 
plain truth which alone determines the reader's mind to 
surrender without objection. At such occasions I — 
facile est inventis addere — have laid before the reader 
my own views in marginal annotation, unsigned, how- 
ever, while the author's own remarks are signed by : A. 

L S. GoLDAMMER. 
Cincinnati, February* 1876. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



CHAPTER I. 



§ !• 
The Biblical Chaldaic is that language in which the 
following chapters and verses of the Scriptures are 
written, viz. : In the book of Daniel, from the fourth 
verse of the second chapter to the end of the seventh 
chapter; in the book of Ezra, from the eighth verse of 
the fourth chapter to the eighteenth verse of the sixth 
chapter, and from the twelfth to the twenty-sixth verse 
of the seventh chapter ; further, in Jeremiah, the elev- 
enth verse of chapter ten ; and finally, two words in 
Genesis, chapter thirty, verse forty-seven. 

§ 2. 
The Biblical Chaldee is the oldest relic preserved of 
the ancient Chaldaic or Aramaic tongue. There ex- 
ists besides this no book whatever handed down to us 
in the vernacular idiom of the earliest Chaldeans. As 
to the writings known to be the Syriac or Chaldaic 
literature, of which the " Peshito," a version of the 
Scriptures, is the oldest work, they belong mostly to 
the Christian era, and are written by Christian au- 
thors.* 

* C'est done aux Juifs que nous devons ce qu'il est possible de savoir sur 
l'ancien idiome arameen." Renan, hist. gen. des langues antiques, p. 214, 
which translated reads : u It is to the Jews that we are indebted for all that 
we may possibly know about the ancient Aramaic idiom." 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



The Biblical Chaldaic is written with the Hebrew 
characters furnished with the Hebrew vowels, and in 
accordance with the rules of the Hebrew grammar. 
There occurs, however, occasionally a long vowel in 
connection with a short and unaccented syllable, as in : 
Kntpaa, Ezra iv. 12;* »P0^ra, id. v. 8; vi. 2; KWT^, 
Daniel ii. 49 ; Ezra v. 8 ; arrnrrt, Dan. ii. 20, 23; x^x®, 
id. iv. 14; nsapipbs, id. i. 7, etc.; ^xzv% Ezrav, 14, 10. 



The Chaldaic orthography differs from that of the 
Hebrew in regard to the nns furtive. It is omitted at 
the n preceded by "HX, f. i. *?)% instead of ftEja, as is 
the case in Hebrew, as in »?^n. 



§5. 

In the Chaldaic the ynp has the peculiarity of con- 
tracting to no shorter vowel, but to remain unaltered 
(v. § 19). It is, however, omitted at the end of words 
in cases where the a disappears, e.g., aabtt king, f^tt, 
and corresponds generally to the Dbin in Hebrew, e.g., 
,n*i=nin generation, btfio^bsifc : inquiring. 

* In later editions and lexicons this word has been changed into stffltoa, 
but this is a mere corruption, as the form w**2, KW^a (contr. w*&, 
Nt^a) is frequently occurring in the Chaldaism of the Talmuds, both the 
Yerushalmi : Taanith iii. 4; Chagiga ii. 1, as well as Babli : Berachoth, p. 22a, 
where, according to Aruch, it must read mn CXS. The meaning of this 
word is : bad, evil, in the physical as well as in the moral sense of the word. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 6 

§6. 
The "i at the end of a word has the quality of a gut- 
tural letter, so as to be preceded by open vowels. 

§*. 

The ■» (Jod) preceding 1\ and ft, as suffixes, is gen- 
erally mute ; it solely denotes the plural (§ 14). 

§8. 
There is a relation between a part of the consonants 
of the two languages, the Hebrew and the Chaldaic. 
The lingual letters "T, tt, n stand frequently in the Chal- 
daic for the dentals, T, 2, ID, employed in corresponding 
Hebrew words. So also are used in the Chaldaic V 
for £, S for a, and "i for 3 of corresponding Hebrew 
words.* 

§ 9- 
The letters nbDl r\m ima are employed in the Chal- 
daic as servile letters for the same purpose as in the 
Hebrew, with the exception of the tt, which is used 
only as a prefix to make the b^SE-forni (s. § 46). 

§ io. 

In other Aramaic dialects the ^ is used, instead of 
m, to make the reflective forms of the verbs (v. § 42), 
the first radical of which is a T; e.g., fB^Ta. This *r, 
however, is found only in the lectio marginalis (ma- 
sorah) to Daniel ii. 9, but not in the text. They also 
make use of the prefix 1 to express the relative: 

* E.g., X2i3?a I beg, Heb. nas* bne, Heb. £>na iron. 



4 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

which, instead of the separate particle ^ in the Bibl. 
Chal. for the same purpose (§ 37). The prefix of the 
word ■??% Daniel ii. 31, vii. 20, is considered by some to 
be such a particle, which, however, is incorrect, as will 
be shown § 36. 

§n. 

The letters tf»*i dm serve, like in the Hebrew, as pre- 
fixes. The n denotes simply the interrogative, and 
never, as in the Hebrew, the demonstrative, or the ar- 
ticle, or the local. The "a signifies : of, from, out, as in 
the Hebrew, and occurs in "HE, Daniel vi. 5, and Jere- 
miah x. 11; B?ri»tt : from the earth ; the word "pa, how- 
ever, is generally used in the Bibl. Chal., as also in the 
Syriac. The 1 signifies, like in Hebrew, the conjunc- 
tion ; but there is no 1 conversive in any Chaldaic 
dialect. The D b and 3 are in the Chaldaic of the same 
service as in Hebrew. 

§ 12 - 
The definite article is denoted in the Chaldaic by 

annexing the », preceded by a f ftp, to the root of the 

word; e.g., aslj'a the king, ajDb'a the kings. A noun 

ending with such an additional X is said to be in the 

status emphaticus (from t-ficpcdvsiv: to indicate), while 

without it, in the status absohitus. Sometimes the tf 

is substituted by a n, as in n©*o : the head, Daniel 

ii. 38. 

§ I 8 - 
The laws for the punctuation of the Bibl. Chald. 
were but little known during many centuries ; hence, 
the want of correctness and consistency in the different 
editions of this idiom (see §§ 14, 19, 29, 31). 



Th< 



It is to be understood that the above wan 
are not contained in the few remnants of the 
had originally been deficient thereof. The su 
in snnbtf, v. 5, their God ; titfljsi, in their banc 
name (see § 30). There are in the same c 
]. ninb is also in Jeremiah x. 11. There is fc 
to the particle b?, upon (see § 122), whic 
The following words are examples for the 
backs (parts of the back) ; S^^n, her feet ; «rn; 
over her, ib. iv. 14 ; v. 21). Some of these 
with a Ytip instead of a nns. 



Paradigm of 

Singular. 

Absolutus, a;pfi animal, 

Constructus, MW animal of, 
Emphaticus, att^T? the animal, 
Possessive, TTO mine animal, 
•jn^n thine animal, 
ftniTi his animal, 
SjrftTJ our animal, 
"Jlbri^ri your animal. 



>3 



■jifttiffl their animal. 



missm 
missin 

missin 
missin 



WVT! 



CHAPTER II. 

THE NOUN. 



The Clialdaie nouns and adjectives have four forms : 1. Absolntus ; 2. Constructms ; 3. JSmphaticus ; 
4. Possessive. 

§15. 
The Chaldaie nouns and adjectives have two declensions : 1. the Masculine and 2. the Feminine gender. 



Singular. 
Ahsolutus, T}S time, 
Constructus, H? of time, 
Eraphaticus, KM? the time, 
Possessive, "OTS my time, 
5I?7? thy time, 
!W? his time, 
KJMS our time, 
T°f^ your time, 
p'reny tlieir time. 



Paeadigm op the Fikst Declension. 

Plv/ral„ 

TTP. times, 
TP. of times, 
srn? the times,, 
i?W my times, 
spwy thy times, 
■WW? his times, 
saw? our times, 
TiDins your times, 
limns* their times. 



missing, 
missing, 
sw 1 ?? her time, 
missing, 
missing, 
10?$? their time. 



missing, my times, 
missing, thy " 
(Wj? her times, 
missing, our " 
missing, your " 
IT."? their " 



ting word-forms are to be considered as such, because they 
Chaldaic preserved in the Bible, but not that this idiom 
ffix fin is found in Ezra sometimes substituted by Eh as 
I, ib. 8 ; D'nBsnn, ib. 10. in their head ; Dnnratt, ib. ib. their 
hapter found even the words Dnb ? Dbb with D instead of 
)und no noun with the suffix K3 1 — , it occurs only annexed 
h is taken in plural form KJ^?, Ezra iv. 12, 18 ; v. 17. 
suffix FT— ; ft* 1 ?*, her wings ; WW, her teeth ; £P33s her 
po, her nails ; WW]?, her previous, (beasts), Dan. viL ; ft" 1 ^ 
words stand in different editions of the Bible incorrectly 



§ 16- 

the Second Declension. 

Plural. 

)VTi animals, 

JnW animals of, 

»ni^n the animals, 

^tym my animals, 

tftW} thy animals, 

Wrh^n his animals, 

»ani^n our animals, 

fibrin your animals, 

"jinrn^n their animals. 



g> 

g> 

her animal, 






th 



eir animaJ 






CO 

03 



missmg, 
missing, 
missing, 
missing, 
missing, 



m 

J. CD 

a 

CD 



THE NOUN. 7 

Strictly taken, there is in the Bibl. Chald. no in- 
stance of the suffix of the third person, plural femi- 
nine )T} . The only words found with this termination : 
TOT*, Daniel vii. 8 ; K^?> ib. 19 ; lira*, ib. ii. 33, 41, 42, 
are written with a 1 ; the correction by the lectio mar- 
ginalis to ftpFSi, etc., is, however, the form used by all 
other Chaldaic dialects. 

§17. 
Nouns, which in the Hebrew have two Segols (bjps) 
have in the Chaldaic »TO and nns, or »1T» and 'ns, <?.^., 
S|03 H., tp? Ch. ; Dba H,, nbs Ch. „ The Hebrew form 
byz is changed in the Ch. into b?B, e.g., ttlgp, truth, 
H., D«jp Ch. ; Sign H., S|pn, power. There are found 
in the Chal. also words of the Segol-form, but they are 
undoubtedly Hebraisms, e.g., tjbtt, king, Dan. ii. 10, etc. ; 
nbn, dream, ib. iv. 2 ; vii. 1 ; oba, image, ib. iii. 5, 7, 
10, etc. 

§ 18. 

Nouns which in the Hebrew have two "pap take in 
the Chal., for the most part, STO and nns, as "1155, 
H. flesh, *m Ch. ; nnr gold, H., arn Ch. 

§ 19. 
Some Chaldaic nouns, having tfliB and *pap in the 
Status Absolutus, preserve the same punctuation in the 
Constructus and Emphaticus, e.g., ttb» God, KjttiB ftb» ? 
anba; Harc, remainder, bnn wan n«», remainder of the 
Babylonian sages, ana© *> T??> dignity, ^"rtn np*>bi ; and to 
the dignity of my majesty, K'jgj. The punctuation of 



It is to be understood that the above wanting word-forms are to be considered as such, because they 
are not contained in the few remnants of the Chaldaic preserved in the Bible, but not that this idiom 
had originally been deficient thereof. The suffix fin is found in Ezra sometimes substituted by Oh as 



Ezrs 

ib. 10. in their head ; nnnrpaiD, ib. ib. their 

e- words onb , abb with D instead of 

suffix S5i-j, it occurs only annexed 

to the particle b?, upon (see § 122), which is taken in plural form Kr'bs, Ezra iv. 12, 18; v. 17. 

The following words are examples for the suffix n->_ ; mil, her wings ; W3B, her teeth ; iraa, her 

3, her nails; S'rwj?,, her previous (beasts), Dan. vii. ; irb% 
words stand in different editions of the Bible incorrectly 



, deficient thereof. 
a'nnbN, v. 5, their God ; D'rrra, in their hand, ib. 8 ; nnewia. 
name (see § 30). There are in the same chapter found even 1 
i ninb is also in Jeremiah x. 11. There is found no noun with tl 



backs (parts of the back) ; STifi, her feet; aH 
over her, ib. iv. 14 ; v. 21). Some of these 
with a y»p instead of a nns. 







§16. 








Paradigm of the Second Declension. 




Singular. Plural. 


Absolutus, 


s^n animal, ftin animals, 


Constructus, 


f\yn animal of, rnvi animals of, 


Einphaticus, 


Shvn the animal, Ktrpn the animals, 


Possessive, 


■wn mine animal, 


missing, 


Tijin my animals, 


missing, ' 




Sjrnin thine animal, 


^ missing, 


x yrn^ thy animals, 


^ missing, 




nrrpri his animal, 


£ am-ri her animal, 


* Sfij'Ti his animals, 


^ missing, 




ssniin our animal, 


- missing, 


• KjniTt our animals, 


,j missing, 




panvri your animal, 


| missing, 


=S Ti^fipn your animals, 


| missing, 




Tinman their animal. 


rlPrn their animal. 


■p'nrnin their animals. 


■jnnjin. 



THE NOUIST. 7 

Strictly taken, there is in the Bibl. Chald. no in- 
stance of the suffix of the third person, plural femi- 
nine ID . The only words found with this termination : 
1OTtt, Daniel vii. 8 ; fn>3, ib. 19 ; "piatt, ib. ii. 33, 41, 42, 
are written with a 1 ; the correction by the lectio mar- 
ginalis to VfT 1 ^, etc., is, however, the form used by all 
other Chaldaic dialects. 

§^- 
Nouns, which in the Hebrew have two Segols (few?) 
have in the Chaldaic KTO and nns, or tflt> and 'ns, <?.gr., 
qos H., qos Ch. ; Dbs H., Dbs Ch. . The Hebrew form 
fes?2 is changed in the Ch. into bye, e.g., Vtffp, truth, 
H, trap Ch. ; t|gn H., S|pfc, power. There are found 
in the Chal. also words of the Segol-form, but they are 
undoubtedly Hebraisms, e.g., tffea ; king, Dan. ii. 10, etc. ; 
nbn, dream, ib. iv. 2 ; vii. 1 ; nb^ image, ib. iii. 5, 7, 
10, etc. 



Nouns which in the Hebrew have two f £p take in 
the Chal., for the most part, sra and fins, as ito, 
H. flesh, nta Ch. ; anj gold, H., nrn Ch. 

§ 19. 
Some Chaldaic nouns, having »ltO and 'pap in the 
Status Absolutus, preserve the same punctuation in the 
Constructus and Emphaticus, e.g., ftfeg God, ayato ttba, 
tfnbtf; h8i», remainder, bnn wsn najTS, remainder of the 
Babylonian sages, a?? 1 ? ; TJ!», dignity, "n^n nj^bi ; and to 
the dignity of my majesty, &njr>. The punctuation of 



8 THE NOUN. 

the words ipj, Dan. iv. 33; ISE, Ezra vii. 18; 3h3, id. 
vi. 18 ; bin, Dan. iii. 25, with nns, is incorrect, as is also 
reversely the "pap in nnn, id. ii. 32. 

§20. 
All masculine singular nouns have their Constructus 
and Absolutus alike. 

§ 21. 
The final fins of the Absolutus is, in the Emphaticus, 
changed to a »11B ; e.g., £|03, silver ; as>D5, the silver ; *ito, 
flesh, ante ; so also is the final *ns ; e.g. obs, image, SttbE, 
the — as also the Dbn ; e.g. S]pr\ power ; sspfr, the — ; but 
not so the "pap (see § 19). But as by this rule two 8ii» 
would meet together at the beginning of the word, the 
KITS of the first root-letter is changed either to the vowel 
dropped from the second root-letter; e.g., £)0J, **?£?, 
or to its homogenous vowel as in C|pIJ, ** spfi, or finally, 
independently of the dropped vowel of the second let- 
ter, to a pTH, or nns; e.g., "Ml, aom, Dbs, arabs. 

§ 22 - 
To form the singular feminine Emphaticus, the tf is 
dropped from the Absolute, its ending "p 3 ? changed to 
KW, and the termination an annexed thereto ; e.g., fc^fi, 
arrpn ; btjo, arrnE ; **;?7P, arrianp. 

§23. 
To form the plural masculine Absolute, the ending 
8- T of the singular Emphatic is changed to *p— ; e.g., 
Mfi'jy, "pW; Kjta, Tpbtt (without Wl). To form the 
plural Constructus the ) of the former is dropped, and 
the pT>n changed to 'ns ; &jr., ban ^^n . 



THE NOUN". 9 

§ 24 - 

The plural masculine Emphatic is formed from the 
singular Emphatic, by changing its ending "pap into 
nns followed by \ which is furnished with Wi and 
fnp; e.g., »?$?, »?5^; »*B, ^?^. 

§25. 
The plural feminine Absolute ends in 1—, and its Con- 
structus in fi— ; of this last the Emphatic is formed by 
ending in an- ; e.g., Ijn*, rWE, anj^tt. This ftsp, so 
peculiar to the plural feminine, and unchangeable with 
the suffixes in the Chaldaic, agrees with the Hebrew 
dbin when in the same position, as in nia'ra, W^T?- 

§ 26 - 
The Possessive is formed by annexing the suffixes, 
i.e., one or two of the letters n 3 1 3 a M to the respective 
Emphatics, the ending 8- of which is dropped ; thus 
in each declension the suffixes are annexed, in the sin- 
gular nouns to the singular Emphatics, and in the 
plural nouns to the plural Emphatics. In the plural 
masculines, however, the nns preceding the h in the 
plural Emphatic is preserved only in the two first 
forms, viz. : W*, tpn?. 

§ 27. 
The dual ends in )*—;e.g., 'pT, hands; ptan, feet; 
fit?, teeth. Excepted is "p???, eyes. 

§"28.; 

By the same termination is formed the plural of 
nouns ending in «-, or H-; e.g., Si3£, T5?, *nw, "pra, 
Kifta, -pitto. 

1* 



10 THE NOUN. 

§29. 
Patronymics ending in n — , as ^fcs, a Chaldean, as also 
all other nouns of the same termination, as *&$>, the 
first ; ^2, the exalted, form the singular Emphatic by the 
termination a?, which, however, is changed by the lectio 
marginalis to na ; e.g., ayjte, awig, S T T^> tne fourth ; 
»^y, which is read by the Masorah Wjto, STOffTp, 
riayw n*6?. The plural Absolute of this class of 
nouns is made by adding "pa: to the stem ; e.g., ptfjTBJI, 
Chaldeans, and the plural Emphatic by a?; e.g., -K!WB> 
the first (kings), Dan. vii. 24 ; *s?JJBPi, the sheriffs, id. 
iii. 2 ; ayjW artba, Ezra iv. 9, etc.* K57»3, Dan. ii. 5, 

10, etc., is read ^"jta by the lectio marginalis. 

§ 30. 
Some feminine nouns end in the Absolute in 1, or ^ 
as Jptaj kingdom; 'fcjp, dung-hill. Nouns of this class 
take ri in the Constructus and through the whole declen- 
sion ; e.g., niDbtt, KJrabtt, ■'trota. So also 8*1*3, exile.** 
In plural the 1 or ^ are furnished with flap, as *™^9, 

§ 31. 
Nouns having in plural a feminine termination take 
sometimes the syllable n or ;, though not existing in 
the singular ; e.g., TO? 5 ?? ™y fathers, 83lnrQSj, our fathers ; 
nrar>, names of . . . Ezra v. 4, where the n is incor- 
rectly furnished with nn*>; nnnriTO, ib. v. 10, alike 

* The first 2, of jo^aa, the Babylonians has nps instead of VEp, as in 
tea, and as found always by the Syriacs. (S. S. Efrem T. I. last p., and T. 

11. p. 85, 161.) A. 
** The first yep of xmh is unchangeable (§ 5) ; it is therefore incorrect 

in copying »nite ffl"n, to write G'lotho instead of Golotho. A. 



THE NOUN. 11 

wrongly with nns; ani^tf, the lions; ftO 1 }?, thrones. 
These words, though masculine, they have the feminine 
plural. 

§32. 

And so reversely the nouns, Srfep, torijto, thing, word; 
though feminine, they have the masculine plural, p!?tt. 

§33. 

Irregular are 28, father ; and 13, son ; the first in be- 
ing declined with the suffixes 'Q8, my — ; Spofc, thy — ; 
■»*rna ; and the second in having the plural p?3 instead 
of JTff- 

§ 34 - 

Adjectives and nouns apt to both genders, as king, 
queen, have the masculine Emphatic and the feminine 
Absolute alike ; e.g., KTJ^, Ezra iv. 10, noble, is the 
masc. Emphatic, while in Dan. ii. 2 it stands as the 
feminine Absolute, and therefore with n (Wj^?)- The 
use of the n as a special indication of the feminine 
gender is not constant ; there is -Dan. ii. 40 njp]?fi, and 
ib. 42 8£Pj3tt, strong, both fern. 



CHAPTER III. 

PRONOUNS. 

§ 35. 
The Chaldaic personal pronouns are HJ8 or 8p», I ; 
pijjw, thou; ain, he; fcon, she; seroq or re-re**, we; 
^PJ», ye or you, masc. ; 'paw, masc., ps», fern. they. 
We read in Ezra v. 11, i^n »jre$, we those, £&, we 
are those who . . . , though i£n usually expresses the 
Accusative (see § 110). 





§ 36. 




nstrative pronouns are : 




Singular 




Plural. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Masc. and Fern. 


rm \ 


Xto\ 


ri» ) 


?R Vthis 


§p >• this 


Sf5>8 V these 


mi 


jnj 


rt* ) 



•ft is found six times in Ezra, v. and vii. ; Sfj, six times 
in Ezra, iv. and v. ; JW, masc, Dan. ii. 31 ; the same, 
fern. id. vii. 20, 21. The ?J in 1ft and ^1 is originally 
the suffix of the possessive pronouns, second person; 
likewise, thy this. Such compositions of the suffixes 
with the pronouns are common with the Arabic lan- 
guage. The word )tt is a compound of Sj% or 1ft with 
H, the stem of nn, Ezra v. 15. nb« is read ba by the 
Masorah, Ezra v. 15. 



PRONOUNS. 13 

§37. 
*h is the relative pronoun irrespective of gender and 
number. It is often employed to denote the relation 
of the Genitive ; e.g., snrn "H ™&n, the head of gold ; 
sr£x 'H ZFQto, his name of God, i.e., God's name; a 
pleonasm very common with all Aramaic dialects. 

§ 38. 
ti; denotes the Accusative, and agrees with the Heb. 
n». It is found only on one place, in the word 
Tirrn, Dan. iii. 12. 

§ 39. 
The interrogative pronouns are "p3, who? Dan. iii. 
15; Ezra v. 3, 4, 9 ; and rrn, what? Dan. ii. 22 ; iv. 32. 
They are found also in connection with "H, following; 
e.g., *i "pa, he who, Dan. iii. 6, 11 ; iv. 14, 22, 29 ; v. 21 ; 
*n ra (that), what, Dan. ii. 29. 

§40. 
The pronoun nVs, all, forms, when preceding a noun 
Vs or b|, and with suffixes Tinba, Dan. ii. 38 ; 1^?, id. 
vii. 19, all of them. 



CHAPTER IV. 

VERBS. 

§ 41. 

The Chaldaic conjugations as to (*")Y"ft]j) are the same 
as in Hebrew, except that in the Chaldaic the quiescents 
of sb and TO have both one conjugation, as this class of 
verbs end in the Ch. in n as well as in tf ; e.g., kbe, Dan. 
iv. 25, and nua, id. vii. 22. The ending in n is origin- 
ally a Hebraism, and foreign to all other Aramaic 
dialects. 

§42. 

There are five verbal forms (D*o^a), three of the ac- 
tive and two of the reflective or passive voice. They 
are: 

1. b^B or bj?, agreeing with the Heb. bg. 

2. b^B, agreeing with the Heb. b?s. 

3. b^sn, agreeing with the Heb. b^&n. 

4. b^snn, reflective, agreeing with the Heb. b^s:. 

5. bysnn, reflective, agreeing with the Heb. b^snn 

§43. 
As the Heb. passive voices bys and b?sn are wanting 
in the Chaldaic, they are substituted by the reflectives. 

§ 44. 
There are found in the Bibl. Chaldaic eleven verbs 
inflected according to the Heb. form b?sn ? viz.: FCj^sfj 



VERBS. 1 5 

I was re-established, Dan. iv. 33 (see § 53) ; WW, 
he was deposed, Dan. v. 20; nnnrin, she was de- 
stroyed, Ezra iv. 15 ; ptt, he was taken up, Dan. vi. 
24; b?n, he was brought, ib. v. 13; ibyn, they have 
been brought, id. v. 15; "Din, he was annihilated, id. 
vii. 11 ; ffi^n, they were brought, ib. iii. 13 ; Fprnn, she 
was brought, id. vi. 18 ; nscnn, was added, id. iv. 33 ; 
*Wpn, was made stand, id. vii. 4, 5. This form being 
foreign to other Aramaic dialects, it must be con- 
sidered as a Hebraism. 



§ 45. 

There is found another passive form in the Biblical 
Chal., which is foreign to other Aramaic dialects, viz., 
b^B. It is used, however, only in the third person, 
perfect tense, as is shown by the following : V>t?p, he 
has been killed, Dan. v. 30 ; T7Q, he has been driven 
out, id. iv. 30; v. 21; rpb», he has been sent; Mn, it 
has been written down, id. v. 24; SW, h e has been 
given, id. vii. 4; r^nf, she has been given, id. vii. 12; 
*i:prp, they have been given, Ezra v. 14; no'nB, she 
has been divided, Dan. v. 28 ; Witt, they have been 
plucked ; nVroj, she has been taken up, id. vii. 4 ; inriB, 
they have been opened, id. vii. 10, and Vi63, they have 
been tied, ib. iii. 21 ; both last without \ The only in- 
stance of this passive in the second person is snbpn, 
thou hast been weighed, id. v. 27. It is, however, 
without % following the Hebrew rule, according to 
which no quiescent letter (except the tf), when fol- 
lowed by two consonants, is admissible after an accent- 
uated syllable. 



16 VERBS. 

§ 46 - 

There is in the Bibl. Chal. an instance of the b?£>i» 
and bjpsr^n forms (see § 9), (so commonly made use of 
in the Aramaic dialects and in later Hebraisms), in the 
stem bbD ? as S^^MBI, set it up, finished it, Ezra v. 2 ; 
*ba», ib. iv. 12; vi. 14; nbbDtt?b ? ib. v. 3, 9; T^^fr ib. 
iv 13, 16. — The t»n, peculiar to the second radical in 
the b^S-form, is substituted by a quiescent letter after 
the first radical in the words "pbiio'a, being supported, 
Ezra vi. 3 ; wtronob, to deliver us, Dan. iii. 1 7 ; and in 
K*sp», to finish, Ezra vi. 15.* 

§47. 

There is mentioned by some writers a form b?sn^ 
as a passive voice of ^?sn, to be at the same time the 
substitute of bysann. But the bpsna applied by Ludo- 
vicus de Dieu in his " Grammaticum linguarum orien- 
talium inter se collatarum, Lugd. Batav. 1628," quite 
remote from being the proper form (1^3) of any per- 
fect conjugation, is nothing but the b?snn or b^Bnn of 
the quiescent or defective verbs (s. § 85, and my Prole- 
gomeni, p. 117). 

§48. 

The forms of the renectives generally begin with n, 

* A similar incident occurs in the Syriac verbs 1210 and , i3* 1 0, meaning 

^ClO in Ezra, and intt) meaning SPttJ in Dan. There is no ground to say 

(with Gousset and Gesenius) that S"«25^B be the bs'Etti of the Hebrew xSP 

and with (Rodiger), that smy bethe b"£!D of the Arabic 2T1 — 2SO — the Heb. 

MT. These stems of X2P, and 3T1 or 21T are undoubtedly aliens to the Chal- 

daic, but according to the usual change of sounds (see p. 8), k:^ may be 

rendered in the Chal. into j<3)i and 3*1 1 into "21 and thus appropriately would 

read in the form bSDUJ: SOyilJ 3"H12J. S'ittu. or s^iittj. A. 

.. . - ..? . . j . .. 7 .. . -• 



VERBS. 1 7 

but sometimes also with tf ; e.g, IrnjatiK, cut out, Dan. 
ii. 45 ; W;n8, have consulted, id. vi. 8. Other Chal- 
daic dialects have in the two reflectives, as also in the 
b^sn an 8, while the Bibl. Chald. has it constantly 
with n. 

§49. 
The tenses in the Chal. are the same as in the He- 
brew. The three active forms have two participles, 
active and passive, viz., the participles of the bj? have 
the forms of b£B and b'TO, those of the few?, the forms of 
b'wn and bysn and those of the b^sn the forms of 
b?s>™ and b?sra. 



CHAPTER V. 

CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 

§50. 
Form b?5 or 5g. 

PRETERITE. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

fibtip, I have killed, wanting, 

ptaj? or tt, thou hast killed, wanting, 
bt3Jp, he has killed, tnboj? or ntag, she has killed, 

tfjbpp, we have killed, wanting, 

yiPitajj, ye or yon have killed, wanting, 
*ttj?, they have killed. *np (Masorah), rtajp, they 

have . . . 

PAETICIPLE. 

Active. Active. 

sing. ^Pj? ) sing. fitaj? ) 

i ^u^ ( killing. -, ° „. __ f killing. 

Passive. Passive. 

t g -J2}kmed. si ; ig -t5l kiM - 

plur. pp'npjj ) plur. ft^ipp ) 

FUTURE. 

bipptf, I shall kill, wanting, 

b-jpn, thou wilt kill, wanting, 

tap, he will kill, btjpp, she will kill, 

tapD, we shall kill, wanting, 

"ptapn, you will kill, wanting, 

rhff?, they will kill. fcog?, they will kill. 



CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 19 

IMPERATIVE. 

sing, bttjp ) (thou) do kill, sing, ">bt:p, do kill, 
plur. ^bap ) (ye) " plur. wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

bpjPE, to kill. 

§ 51- 

Perfect tense : Many intransitive verbs have *HE 
instead of nna (as in the Hebrew fan, etc.) ; e.g., anj?, he 
came near, Dan. iii. 26 ; fibs 1 ?, thou couldst, id. ii. 47 ; 
r\BJ?n^ thou becaniest strong, Dan. iv. 19. Some of the 
same kind of verbs have p"^fi, though without h ; e.g., 
gjprn, id. iv. 8, 17; <ong, id. iii. 8; p*T, he cried; bp:>, id. 
vi. 21; spbo, came up, Ezra iv. 12. The verb bra, 
though transitive, has *ns, Dan. ii. 10 ; tfjbtftt?, Ezra v. 9. 

§ 52 - 

The third person feminine has pTH with the first 
radical in npbo, Dan. vii. 8, 20 ; nspn, id. v. 20, and 5*00 
in ngM, went forth, Dan. ii. 13 ; »TO and nns at the end 
are changed to two bTO in FnES, instead of, rnB» (§ 
54). This is also the case in the other forms; e.g., 
^X^T^-, ^1?"^? ne nas broken, Dan. ii. 34, instead of, 
rntann, fip^rn. When the third letter is a guttural, the 
verb ends in two nns, as in JnnoruEn instead of rinornEn, 
id. v. and vi. 

§ 53. 

The second person masculine ends commonly in "pap ; 
e.g., Mtn, thou hast signed, Dan. vi. 13 ; n?T, id. v. 22 ; 
rto, ii. 47 ; rate, id. iii. 10. So also in all other forms ; 
e.g., rrat?, nn^n, raiainnn, id. v. 23. With quiescent a 



20 CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 

in arcbpn, id. v. 27. This ynp is constant in verbs of 
the n>, conjugation; e.g., CJ}n, id. ii. 31, 34; rrTn, id. ii. 
43, 45; iv. 17, and is found also with a following quies- 
cent n in iTn^rn, id. ii. 43. Like Rbojp ending in Kit?, 
are rttn?, id. iv. 32; ran?, id. ii. 23; nBj?ni, id. iv. 19, 
and in the other forms; nnDncrn, id. v. 27; tf&lffn, id. 
v. 22. 

§ 54. 
Verbs, the first radical of which is a guttural, take 
in the first person nns instead of a P"nn, e.g., rnwa, 
fTia?. A similar change takes place in the third per- 
son feminine, as : tryns, frt??. The change of *TO and 
■he to two btto, and with gutturals to two nns (see 
§ 52), is found in rinsran, I have found, Dan. ii. 25, in- 
stead of nnsran. The nns in n?pnn, id. iv. 33, is 
undoubtedly a mistake made by the copyists ; it ought 
to be fibrin with *ns, meaning : " I was restored." 

§ 55. 
The third person plural is alike in both genders; 
e.g., *»*, Dan. vii. 20; ^11, ibid. 8, "they were 
plucked up." Both are read by the Masorah «"&SM, 
•TJKW. The p is found provided (probably by mistake 
of the transcribers) with pEp. 

§ 56. _ 
The ''"is in the active participle, singular masculine, 
when preceding a guttural or the semiguttural 1 (§6), 
is changed to nns; e.g., r6s, " worshipping" D. vi. 17; 
TO8, " saying." 

§57. 
The passive participle b^B takes n as a distinction 



CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 21 

from the other bys (§ 51), in which the pTti takes the 
place of *HX 

§ 58 - 
The characteristic sign of the future, third person, 
feminine plural, is not ft, as in Hebrew, but \ 

§59. 

In verbs, the third radical of which is fi, ? or 1, the 

pap (. ), in the imperative as also in the future, is 

changed to nfi£>; e.g., », nbffi^ nao^ E|b?. l*Dtf% 

Jerem. x. 11, lacks the ), and is irregular; a Hebraism. 

§ 60. 
It is only in the bp that the infinitive is prefixed with 
b; 6^., ttJDDttb, Dan. iii. 2, "to assemble;' 7 TOStt^ id. v. 
16, " to interpret." In all other forms the infinitive ends 
in n preceded by two *pap. 

§ 61. 
The suffixes may be annexed to the infinitive, in the 
same way as to the nouns; e.g., rtrngtDi, id. vi. 21, " and 
as his to approach ; " i.e. when he was approaching. 

§ 62 - 

CONJUGATION OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 

Form b?S. 

PRETERITE. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

«*Bg, I have killed, ) 

^^?P, thou hast killed, >■ wanting. 

tap, he has killed, J 



22 CONJUGATIONS OF PEEFECT VEEBAL STEMS. 



Masculine. Feminine. 

wanting, we have killed, ] 

wanting, ye have killed, >• wanting. 

^tsp, they have killed. ) 



PAETICTPLE. 

Active. 
sing. bropa, killing, sing. sbapa, killing, 

plur. rV?P?, killing, plur. $?P9, killing. 

Passive. 
sing, bapa, killed, sing. «b&g% killed, 

plur. pbtjjaa, killed. plur. Tb&j?o, killed. 

FUTUEE. 

sing. btpp$, I shall kill, wanting, 

bt?£n, thou wilt kill, wanting, 

bt?j^, he will kill, wanting, 

plur. btppp, we shall kill, wanting, 

pbrppn, ye will kill, wanting, 

fhqp*, they will kill, ftagj, they will kill. 

IMPEEATIVE. 

sing. btpp, do kill, "i*9g, 

plur. ^btpp, do kill, wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

nbap, to kill. 

§63. 
This form is commonly called, but incorrectly, b?s ; cor- 
rectly it must be called b?s ; for the Bibl. Chalcl. reads 
in the third person, perfect tense Sn?> ^braa, bbtt, bag, 
ar®, 13® ; in the active participle, bbtttt, arnwo ; in the 
imperative, issg ; in the future, bb^, Japf?, while with 



CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 23 

*ns there are found only two instances bnp ? Dan. vi. 1 ; 
rnpn^, Ezra vii. 17. 

§ 64. 
In this form as also in the following b?5fi 7 the parti- 
ciple active is distinguished from the participle passive 
by the terminal vowel, viz., the former ends in pT>n and 
the latter in nns. This distinction, however, takes 
place only in singular masculine, otherwise they are 
alike, as even in singular masculine, in verbs ending in 
one of the gutturals, *\ 9, n ; e.g., fi3$fc, 73»J9j which 
may signify both " praising " as well as " praised," 
and is to be ascertained only by the context. 

§ 65. 

CONJUGATION OF THE PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 

Form bs?sn. 

PRETERITE. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

nbtaprt, I have caused to kill, wanting, 
^V3?^, thou hast caused to kill, wanting, 
btppn, he has caused to kill, JnbtJgn, she has caused 

to kill, 
»:bt2pn, we have caused to kill, wanting, 
■prtapn, ye have caused to kill, wanting, 
^pn, they have caused to kill, wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Active. 
sing. ^3j?™, causing to kill, sing. S&Bjjna, 

plur. "ptej?™, causing to kill. plur. /j^p™. 



24 CONJUGATIONS OF PEEFECT VEEBAL STEMS. 

Passive. 

sing. ^Bproj, one caused to kill, sing. Kbttgra, 

plur. "pbtp^TO, many caused to kill. plur. jbtpppB. 

FUTUEE. 

btpptf, I shall cause to kill, wanting, 
btppn, thou wilt cause to kill, wanting, 
bi3p?, he will cause to kill, bttpp, she will cause to 

kill, 
ipJJ5, we shall cause to kill, wanting, 
•pbpjpP}, ye will cause to kill, wanting, 
iT^PRj they will cause to kill, $pp^ they will cause to 

kill. 

IMPEEATIVE. 

sing. bpfpn ? do cause to kill, ^PpH, 
plur. ibtpjjn, do cause to kill, wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

fibtpjpn, to cause to kill. 

§ 66. 
This form is also found more commonly with pTn 
(without *•) than with "HX The following words are 
found with the former, in the preterite : Wabn, ^T"on 5 ITjfi??, 
TOnn ? ^ipssn, ^p&n, ip^fl, "penn ; in the active participle, 
bsra, bara ; in the future, bsttrn, pT?nn, p*;n. With the 
latter the following words are found in the preterite : 
bran, peDH, nnin ; in the participle, p^m, Dpnt: ; in the 
future, M?B*3, nn*D, TJirUJ, ^PC 1 ?? Efi*3, all instances of 
defective stems. In verbs of perfect roots there is 
with "HE only one instance, the imperative, obiEin. Win, 
Dan. vii. 22, instead of lacffjn, or Eb^n, is a Hebraism. 



CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 20 

§ 67. 
The n as the characteristic sign of this form, is in 
the participle and future often found applied as well as 
omitted, as : nssra, nsannp, bsirva, bsi&rp, p^n-q and rtjjTO 
The like occurs as a poetical Hebraism, as ?pni«"P, JPiDirp, 
and also in prose, niTP, Nehem. xi. 17. 

§ 68. 

CONJUGATION OF THE PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 

Form bysnn. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

Jnbtpgnn, I have been killed, wanting, 
nbtipnn, thou hast been killed, wanting, 
bqpra, he has been killed, nbpp_nn, she has been 

killed, 

ajbtajpnn, we have been killed, wanting, 

p&btDjpnn, ye have been killed, wanting, 

^bt?j?nn, they have been killed, wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

sing. ^jprrn, one being killed, K^JgW?, " " 
plur. ^btpgnts, many being killed, tysgm, " « 

FUTURE. 

b-jfpnx, I shall be killed, wanting, 

bpppnn, thou wilt be killed, wanting, 

bp]?)rp, he will be killed, ^9!?™, she will be killed, 

^P^?, we shall be killed, wanting, 

•pbtppnn, ye will be killed, wanting, 

J*cp??, they will be killed, pfipp, they will be killed. 



26 CONJUGATIONS OF PEEFECT VEEBAL STEMS. 

IMPEEATIVE. 

sing. fcopwi, be killed, ^pnn, 

plur. ibognnj be killed, wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

nbripnn, to be killed. 

§ 69. 
There is only one instance found of the first person 
singular preterite, and it ends in a guttural, viz. nspnDn ; 
its plural occurs, and has p~Pfi without \ wnnn. 

§ 70. 
The nns at the first radical in inbttpntt and fibippnn is 
a slight vowel, i.e., it takes the place of a K1TB. The 
same is the case with the nns in the participle tfbtpgntt, 
and in the future "pbtagnri. There are but two instances 
of this fins : K^fiti, l^^n. Concerning rnjann and 
nnsmon, see 52. 

§71. 

The future is found with *ns, "D2ITP (and in verbs 
ending in a guttural with fins, nojrp), as also with p^n 
without i, pnn^n. The n of this form, like in the Heb., 
takes its position after the first radical, when a ©; 
e.g., rom»n. 

§72. 

CONJUGATION OF THE PEEFECT VEEBAL STEM. 

Form bssnn. 

PEETEEITE. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

nbtppnn, I have killed myself, wanting, 

fibippnn, thou hast killed thyself, wanting, 
bi2pnn ? he has killed himself, nbippnn, she has killed 

herself, 



CONJUGATIONS OF PEEFECT VEKBAL STEMS. 27 

KA&!?*jrij we have killed ourselves, wanting, 
}npfeBgr»n, ye have killed yourselves, wanting, 

^ibBpnn, they have killed them. 

selves, wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

sing, brs^p'a, killing oneself, iftipS, " " 

plur. pkBgra, killing themselves, tjBgm, " " 

FUTURE. 

bBgfitf, I shall kill myself, wanting, 

^®gnp, thou shalt kill thyself, wanting, 
S^ER?j he will kill himself, bapra, 

ba^ri?, we shall kill ourselves, wanting, 

fbtsgnn, ye will kill yourselves, wanting, 

■pbfcpn?, they will kill themselves, 5fct?gri?. 

IMPERATIVE. 

bapnn, do kill thyself, ^c^gnn, 

Ife^Jnri, do ye kill yourselves, wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

rtojnn, to kill oneself. 

Here also, like in the previous form, the characteris- 
tical ft follows the first radical in case this is a to; 
e.g., tintp?. 



CHAPTER VI. 

QCUESCENT VEEBS VERBS WITH THE FIRST RADICAL 

QUIESCENT. 

§ 73. 
Verbs beginning with the tf radical are conjugated 
like perfect stems whenever, in the inflection, the verb 
begins with the first radical; e.g., pret. bT$, tea, "rax, 
iilnis ; imp. sing, n^K ; imp. plur. sfflaa ; imp. f em. "tea, 
The imp. of Vra occurs: bra, Ezra v. 15. 

§74 
But whenever, in the inflection, the verbs of this con- 
jugation begin with a preformative, the », in the bp 
becomes quiescent, preceded by "HX; e.g., "V»fcO, TQ*«, 
"raarib, srta»5, and in the bysn it is changed either to *■ 
or 1; <?.^., wn, iwn, nwnb, "ininrj, rrninb, ^n, jOTtrL 

§75. 
Verbs beginning with the radical ^ are likewise regu- 
larly conjugated whenever, in the inflection, the ** occurs, 
in bp at the beginning of the verb ; e.g., 2*3?, *??^?> *%H% 
yw, aw, raw, *nw, and in bysnn and bysnn at the 
beginning of the syllable; e.g., arnnp, "pnnw, nayyja. 
It, however, is omitted in the imper. bp; £.</., 3H, an. 

§ 76- 
But, wherever, in the inflection, the i is the initial 
neither of the word nor of the syllable, it commonly 



QUIESCENT VERBS. 29 

is changed in the ^sn into 1 ; e.g., yriFi, snin, while in the 
bp future such verbs are mostly conjugated like verbs 
having for their first radical 3, which Nun, sometimes, 
takes place actually, and sometimes is assimilated by 
OT forte ; e.g., n*% *•»?«?, F*???, ^?., ^n (§ 85). 



CHAPTER VII. 

VERBS WITH THE SECOND RADICAL QUIESCENT. 

§77. 

Paradigm of the conjugation of verbal stems, with 
the second radical quiescent, as : Dip, to rise. 

Form bp. 



PEETEEITE. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


rap, I rose. 


wanting, 


nap, thou rosest, 


wanting, 


Dp, he rose, 


Jrrap, she rose, 


wanting, 


wanting, 


wanting, 


wanting, 


rap, they rose. 


wanting. 



PARTICIPLE. 

Active. Passive. 

sing. Dtfp, rising ; D^p, risen, wanting, 

plur.'pttap (MasorahT^p), wanting, wanting. 



Diptf, I shall rise, 
D^pn, thou wilt rise, 
Dip?, he will rise, 
D1p3, we shall rise, 
fltnpPi, ye will rise, 
fllMp?, tne ) r will ri se « 



FUTURE. 



wanting, 

wanting, 

Dipn, she will rise, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

■jfclp?, they will rise. 



VERBS WITH THE SECOND RADICAL QUIESCENT. 31 





IMPERATIVE. 


sing. D^p, rise, 


^ft*P, rise, 


plur. ifcttp, rise. 


wanting. 




INFINITIVE. 




Dpi?, to rise. 



§78. 
There occurs of the preterite : Dp, Dan. iii. 24 ; Dto, 
Ezra v. 13; Ptoig, Dan. iii. 10; TOig, Ezra vi. 12; nso, 
Dan. iv. 30; flate, id. iii. 12. The instance of TOto, pre- 
serving the "p 3 ? with the to, may warrant the extension 
of the stability of the Aramaic flop even to the verbs, 
so as to provide prvap rather with f"ap than nns, as also 
to inflect in the b?snn rather miagrin, rapnn than ruapnn 
and rittpnn. P^I-p, Dan. ii. 5, is another instance 
showing the force of the pop. So also are punctuated 
by the Syrian writers : MJJ, pnap, p$Ep with a Zekofto, 
which answers to the Y^P- 

§79. 
Of the act. particip. there occurs in the sing. Dtfp, 
Dan. ii. 31, and plur. V™?, id- iii- 3, TmH id. id. 31, 
p?«T id. v. 19, read by the Masorah : ptt?p, p"i^, p^r, 
with a Kamez am. The Syrian writes Dtfp, and reads 
Q^p; it is, however, written ptijg, flajg with Yod. 

§ 80. 
Of the pass, particip. there occurs a^tp n^to, Dan. iii. 
29, " commandment is given." Of Swa there is as a 
preterite trip, Ezra v. 17, "has been established," and 
the irregular rrato, Dan. vi. 18, " has been put." 



32 VERBS WITH THE SECOND RADICAL QUIESCENT. 

§81. 

Of b^s there is found only the infinitive : •"WJjgb, Dan. 
vi. 8. A similar Yod occurs usually in the other Aram, 
dialects, and in the Rabb. Heb. as also in the Bib. Heb. ; 
e.g., rnajpRi, Ps. cxix. 106; 1W77, Jerem. xvi. 16. 

§ 82. 
Of the quadriliteral form there is found only one 
instance in the word WOtiiinn, Dan. v. 23, of ib, and in 
the only word mainES, id. vi. 16 of '$'$] both are prob- 
ably Hebraisms. 

§ 88 - 

CONJUGATION OF THE SX 

Form bysn. 






V wanting. 



PRETERITE. 

Masculine. Feminine, 

W?^n ? I have caused to rise, 
Prcnpn, thou hast caused to rise, 

DT?n, he has caused to rise, 
wanting, 
wanting, 
Wj?n, they have caused to rise. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Active. 
nip™, one causing to rise. 

FUTURE. 

D^ptf, I shall cause to rise, wanting, 
trpB, thou wilt cause to rise, wanting, 
Dip?, he will cause to rise, tPpt} 7 she will cause to rise, 



VERBS WITH THE SECOND EADICAL QUIESCENT. 33 

E^pD, we shall cause to rise, wanting, 
■po^pA, ye will cause to rise, wanting, 
■pEPp}, they will cause to rise. T^p?, they will cause to 

rise. 

INFINITIVE. 

mapr^ to cause to rise. 

§ 84. 
Examples, preterite : trpn, Dan. iii. 2, 5, 7 ; vi. 2 
mnn, id. ii. 14; rahpn, id. iii. 12, 18; W?->pn, id. iii. 14 
Wpn, Ezra vi. 18. Partic. active : nrp™, Dan. ii. 21 
K™, id. vii. 2 ; ffhtf, id. v. 19, with flap transposed 
from the n to the E is an exception. Infinitive : «"0J«!iV, 
id. v. 20. Future : trpr, id. vi. 9 ; D^p?, id. vi. 14, and 
with the n : D^prn, id. vi. 16. 

§85. 

CONJUGATION OF 12. 

Form feflenn. 
Masculine. Feminine. 

preterite, wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Oprva, the rest wanting. 

FUTURE. 

Third person sing. Dp*?" 1 . 

Third person plur. pftpn?, the rest wanting. 

§86. 
Examples of the particip. : a 1 ?™, Ezra v. 8. ; future : 
tato?, id. iv. 21 ; ItQtorn, Dan. ii. 5, and with p*nn instead 
3 



34 VEEBS WITH THE SECOND KADICAL QUIESCENT. 

of f ftp : "pTFP, id. vi. 9. Lud. de Dieu and Ms follow- 
ers consider these verbs as belonging to a form of its 
own, called b?an$ (see § 47). But as there is no 
instance whatever of such a verbal form as fe?sn» in the 
perfect stems, neither in the Bib. Chal. nor in the purer 
ancient Aramaic; moreover, as there occurs no other 
form of the ^srin with verbs of the second radical quies- 
cent, neither in the Chaldaic nor in the Syriac: the 
above verbs, therefore, seem to me to represent a sj3e- 
cial conjugation, peculiar only to imperfect roots, 
which, as if in order to make them perfect, are pro- 
vided with a T\ preceding the two stem-letters, and read 
npnp, or (as spelled by the Syriac) Dj^nrra, instead of 
Dpntt, It is by this tendency of perf ectioning the radi- 
cals, that the Nun or Dagesh may be explained in the 
words Tm, 3H?r), nrp, Sig^B (§ 76), and in the Hebrew 
the tol of BR?, DW), etc. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 

§87. 
The third radical quiescent letter is indiscriminately 
a as well as n. Other Chald. dialects have exclusively 
»; the Bibl. ChaL, however, on account of its Hebr. 
character, uses commonly the n. 

§ 88. 
Form bp. — Paradigm HJ3. 

PRETERITE. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

fi^a, I have built, wanting, 

f^?3, thou hast built, wanting, 

n:2, he has built, fisa, she has built, 

«p23, we have built, wanting, 

wanting, wanting, 

i:a, they have built. wanting. 

ARTICIPLE. 

Active. Passive. Active. Passive. 

sing. nsa, building, roa, built, Kjja, building, wanting, 
plur. 1i:n, building, p:a, built, ftja, wanting. 

FUTURE. 

n:n«, I shall build, wanting, 

nsnn, thou wilt build, wanting, 

nan:, he will build, n:nn, she will build, 

H3M, we shall build, wanting, 

Jiann, ye will build, wanting, 

fEn?, they will build. wanting. 






36 VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 

IMPERATIVE. 

sing. *»?a, do build, wanting, 

plur. to, do build, wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

»3M; to build. 

§89. 

Examples of the preterite : tf?2, Dan. ii. 16, 49; nn$, 
Ezra v. 3; Kirr, id. v. 11; Dan. vi. 11; vii. 13; fijn, 
Dan. iv. 26; v. 19; vi. 4, 15; n?Tn, id. iv. 17; rnifi, id. 
ii. 31 (and the irregular ftW, id. iv. 19 instead of 
rnn-i) ; mpi, id. ii. 26 ; n^n, id. iv. 1; nra, id. ii. 34; mn, 
id. ii. 35; nj?, id. v. 10; m?, id. iv. 28; nabtt, id. ii. 35; 
nnn, mtj, id. iv. 19; inn, id. v. 19; ia?, id. ii. 1; iat», id. 
iii. 27; saw, id. iii. 24. 

Active part icip. : FW, id. ii. 5; nntt, id. v. 1; i"#a, id. 
vi. 12 ; nm, id. ii. 31 ; anp, id. iii. 4 ; ana, id. v. 19 ; abj, 
id. ii. 22; nbj, id. 28; p3£ ^ iii. 24; fin, id. iii. 27; 
T3B, id. v. 9; p?a, vi. 5; pro, v. 23; ftsa, Ezra iv. 12; 
rretf, Dan. vii. 19; nw, id. vii. 5; £J», id. vii. 3. Pass, 
participle: n?*, Ezra v. 11 ; BTVD, Dan. ii. 22; htti (T^n), 
id. iii. 19 ; fiT8, id. iii. 22, with "nS! instead of Sptt, after 
the Syriac ; ]"he, id. iii. 25. Future : ^?^% Dan. vii. 
16 ; anp«, id. v. 17 ; *»!£■, id. iii. 31 ; Ezra iv. 22 ; »t?*n 
Dan. iv. 8 ; K$a?, vi. 8 ; WJ2£, id. vii. 14 ; H$pj, id. vi. 9 • 
a:<rn, id. vi. 18 ; 1133?, Ezra vi. 7 ; Tim??, Dan. v. 2 ; jfTp?, 
id. v. 15. Imperative: ^n, Dan. ii. 4; in», id. iii. 26; 
tin, Ezra iv. 22. Infinitive: *n)?fc, Dan. v. 8; Kgaq, id. 
ii. 8 ; atrra, Ezra iv. 14 ; OT, Dan. iii. 20 ; Matt, Ezra v. 
2; abto, Dan. ii. 47; Itjab, Ezra v. 2, without tt is ir- 
regular. 



VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 



37 



§ 90. 
The inflectional termination in p^lto of other stems is 
changed with the verbs of this stem into thti at the sec- 
ond radical, viz., instead of 18M 0^:??), ^tt. So also in 
the iniper. and future. 

§ 91. 
The termination of the participle, plur., masc, active 
and passive is 'p— . 

§92. 
The preterite of Vwp (v. § 44) forms g Oa, TC3 ; as ^, 
Dan. ii. 30; % id. ii. 19; t!fc Ezra iv. 18, 23*; W, 
Dan. iii. 21. 

§ 93 - 
Form b^s. — Paradigm, ^x, to pray. 



PRETERITE. 



Masculine. 
tnV?> I have prayed, 
ri^s, thou hast prayed, 

^2, he has prayed, 
wanting, 
wanting, 
T^s, they have prayed. 



Feminine, 



>- wanting. 



Active. 



PARTICIPLE, 

Passive. Active. 



Passive, 



sing, abstt, praying, wanting, wanting, fcrtxa, prayed. 



plur. piafta, praying, wanting, wanting, wanting. 

* It is therefore erronous to read the annotations of the lectio marginalis : 
"np3 being the preterite, it must be read i-)p as the pass, participle, mean- 
ing " which is read." A. 

But why not s^p as the imperative? corresponding to "lege! legatur! 
read ! " 



38 VEKBS WITH THE THIED RADICAL QUIESCENT. 

FUTURE. 



>- wanting. 



K&$ I shall pray, 
wanting, 


1 


wanting, 

«^2M, we shall pray, 

wanting, 

T^??, they shall pray. 


► 


IMPERATIVE. 

• iv 7 

wanting, 


wanting, 
wanting 






§ 94. 
Examples of the preterite : ™, Dan. ii. 24, 49 ; W, 
id. ii. 48; rp?B, id. iii. 12; rntj, Ezra v. 2; "Pari, Dan. 
iii. 28. Of the active participle : «>Stt, id. vi. 11 ; aniwa, 
id. v. 12; "p&tta, Ezra 17, 10. Of theje^ss. participle: 
KJJttQ, Dan. vii. 7. Of the/w^n?; *?«», Dan. ii. 24; 
»3»3J, id. ii. 4; pi??, id. iv. 13; ]W, id. iv. 33. Of the 
imp, : n ?£, Ezra vii. 25. 

§95. 
Form of bysn. — Paradigm "^an. 



PRETERITE. 

Masculine. 
wanting, 
wanting, 

^n, he caused to exile, 
wanting, 
wanting, 
^Ff, they caused to exile. 



Feminine. 



^wanting. 



VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 



39 



PARTICIPLE. 



Active. 
**^™, one causing to exile, wanting, 

wanting, wanting. 



FUTURE. 

wanting, 

wanting, 

rtttn^ he will cause to exile, 

•"1??^?, we shall cause to exile, 

*pb$nn, ye will cause to exile, 

T^T?, they will cause to exile. 



y 



wanting. 



IMPERATIVE. 

sing, wanting, wanting, 

plur. ibjn, do cause to exile, wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

n^ban to cause to exile. 



§ 96. 
Examples of the preterite: ^tt, Ezra it. 10; VPfi, 
Dan. v. 13; T*W, id. v. 20; vii. 12; Vtijn, id. v. 3. Of 
the active participle : affra, n$M«a, id. ii. 21 ; Si™, id. 
ii. 23 ; *nitt, id. vi. 11. Of the future : rnnrn, id. v. 12 ; 
Kawft Ezra vi. 11; ninna, Dan. ii. 7; p'-nnp, id. ii. 6; 
pwn?, id. vii. 26. Of the imperative: ^inn, id. ii. 6. 
Of the infinitive: njjnnb, id. ii. 10; n;j»nb ? id. vi. 9; 
T^O'?, id. v. 2. 'pnyrri h as incorrectly pTVC in some 
modern, but Dblh in the older and more correct edi- 
tions; so in that of Mantua (pw rrao) ; in the Rabbin- 
ical Bible, Venice, 1517 ; in the Bibles of Sancino, 1488, 
and of Brescia, 1494. 



40 VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 

§97. 
Form of the itfsnn.— Paradigm ^srifi. 

PRETERITE. 



Masculine. 




Feminine 


wanting, 


> 




wanting, 






"oann, he was built, 






wanting, 




>- wanting. 


wanting, 






wanting. 


j 




PARTICIPLE. 




x:ani3, one being built, 




wanting, 


wanting, 


FUTURE. 


wanting. 


wanting, 


wanting, 




wanting, 


wanting, 




*»afn, he will be built, 


ttjatift, she will be built, 


wanting, 


wanting, 




fosinn, ye will be built, 


wanting, 




wanting. 


wanting. 





§98. 

Examples of the preterite : ^fifi, Dan. iii. 19. Of the 
participle : ^an*a, Ezra v. 8. Of the future : KX?7*T> 
Dan. iii. 6; IBWJ?, Ezra v. 15; want?, id. iv. 13; 13511?, 
Dan. v. 12; ^Wjni?, id. iii. 15, the last incorrectly with 
p-™ instead of oVn 



VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 41 



§99. 




Form of bysnn.— Paradigm ^Jnn. 


PEETERITE. 


Masculine. Feminine. 


wanting, 




wanting, 




wnn, he prophesied, 
wanting, 


^wanting. 


wanting, 




wanting. 




PARTICIPLE. 





sing, wanting, 

plur. ^astjtt, prophesying. 



[• wanting. 



FUTURE. 



wanting, 

wanting, 

835^1?, he will prophesy, 

wanting, 



wanting, 



Tissn?, they will prophesy. 



wanting, 

wanting, 

83Drin, she will prophesy, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

wanting. 



§ 100. 
Examples of the preterite : 'fcsnn, Ezra v. 1 ; ■<»», 
Dan. iii. 19. Of the participle : WW? id. v. 6. Of the 
future: rnnw 1 ?, id. iii. 29; wwj, id. ii. 9; )isp^, id. vii. 
28 ; ianio^, id. v. 10. There occurs tf instead of Yod in 
the participle fern, rujtoarna, which, however, is a Hebra- 
ism. 






CHAPTER IX. 

VERBS OF WEAK EOOTS. 

§ 101. 

Verbs beginning with Nun, 3, retain the same some- 
times, and are conjugated like the perfect verbs. So 
JPfflqb, ]r\3n, Ezra vii. 20; f ^ icL. iv. 13; rpwna, a par- 
ticiple in the constructus, id. iv. 15 ; rigTpnb, infinitive 
in the constructus, id. iv. 22 ; p?3Hn, id. iv. 13 ; njjojnb, 
Dan. vi. 24 ; p^, id. v. 2 ; *P%}n, id. v. 3. Sometimes 
the Nun is omitted like in the Hebrew, e.g., Hfpr-P, id. 
iv. 14 ; bft?, id. iii, 16; "pen, id. ib. 5 ; yw, id. 16, 22; 
spen, id. 16, 22; bspa, id. ib. 28; nnn from rnj, descend, 
in the bSHDfi, properly, to place in a low position, hence, 
to put down, to prostrate, Ezra vi. 5 ; prffjnp, passive 
participle, id. vi. 1 ; WR», Dan. vi. 11; ate, Ezra v. 
15, both last imperatives. The form una, id. 16, the « 
with Vjcm, is of the root ftTi, equivalent to nna. 

§ 102, 
The second radical wanting in stems, called gemin- 
ate, is substituted by a tttH in the first root-letter when 
preceded by a preformative, e.g., in the b?an ; np*n 
(preterit 3d person fern.) instead of rij^rn, Dan. ii. 34 ; 
ip?n, id. vi. 25 ; pftnj, id. ii. 40 ; Ffm, id. vii. 7 ; p*fl, 
id. ii. 40 ; nip^rn, id. vii. 23. Sometimes the wanting 
letter is substituted by 3 (Nun), e.g., bysn, fr. bb? enter, 
id. ii. 25; nb^jnb, id. iv. 3. The above i^n is left out in 
)T?n, infin. bp of pfl, Dan. iv. 24, and in «ra, act. partic. 



VERBS OF WEAK ROOTS. 43 

in b?sn of ^H, id. v. 19.* It is found also compensated 
by the change of the preceding vowel in snn, future bp 
of ysn, id. ii. 40, and in "^byn. imperative b^Sfi of bb#, 
id. ii. 24. In fibyfib, infinitive b^sn of the same verb, id. 
v. 7, the nns is changed into btto by reason of the fol- 
lowing guttural with a "pap, like in the Hebrew. The 
following are instances of geminate verbs inflected like 
perfect verbs : SttHB, active participle of the b?S, id. ii. 
40, and bban, future of the brsn, id. iv. 9. 

§ 103. 
But in the inflections of the geminate verbs, where the 
first radical is preceded by no preformative, and, con- 
sequently inapt of accepting the WXi forte, the compen- 
sative lECti is placed in the third radical, e.g., TO, Dan. iv 
11; iTO, id. vi. 19. So also in by, " he entered," id. ii. 
16, the nns is showing the b to have a ISXi, if not pre- 
vented by its position at the end of the word. So also 
are the words, written : *pbb$, id. v. 8, and nbb#, id. ib. 
1 0, read by the lectio marginalis, for the same reason, 
t$?> n ^- Tne T^P m rb?, though followed by «ai forte, 
is a long one, such as would be in Tbby, corresponding to 
?nB« (§ 3). The word ^p% id. ii. 35, is inflected in 
accordance with the quiescent i3\ 

§ 104. 
An instance of the quadriliteral b2?snn after the 
Hebrew, is the word traintfK (§ 81). 

* In the edition before me (Berlin, 1866, revised by M. Letteris) it reads 
ijra, the ir:n compensated by the change of the preceding vowel. 



CHAPTEE X. 

ANOMALIES IN THE CONJUGATIONS OF SOME VEKBS. 






§ 105. 
bras and ?bn, to go. The former is used only in the 
bp, and then only in the preterite, Dan. ii. 17; Ezraiv. 
22 ; id. v. 8, and imperative, which reads bjs, id. v. 15. 
Of the latter, there is the participle of fewj, 'zfgTyn, Dan. 
iv. 26 ; VtyjQt i( i- iii- 25 and iv. 34. The last word 
shows a transposition of the vowels. ?fbn in the bp 
shows an abbreviation by omitting the \ as Sf™ instead 
of tjbrjs, }rn instead of Tbrp, Ezra v. 5 ; vi. 5 ; vii. 13. 
Some writers suggest a verbal stem tjin as a root for 
^ttq and trn ; but if such be the case, then the future 
ought to be Sprr* with \ The suggestion may possibly 
refer to the fa? of Tfia, Ezra vii. 13, likewise Dp? from mp. 
But even the claim of the "pap to this place is very 
doubtful; for in the editions of 1488, 1449 and 1517, 
the n of irro is provided not with yap but with nns. In 
irp, Ezra vi. 5, the n is properly furnished with nns; 
while the y&p at the same words, id. v. 5 and vii. 13, is 
occasioned merely by the pauses made at these words. 

§106. 
*nt», Dan. ii. 5 and 8, is probably an equivalent to 
fcibra, she went (s. Grammar of the Babyl. Talm. idiom, 
§07). 

§ ior. 

3H?, to give, lacks the infinitive smdfutu?*e / they are, 
however, substituted by the verb *jria (v. § 101). 



ANOMALIES IN THE CONJUGATIONS OF SOME VEEBS. -15 

§108. 
ba?, to be able, forms regularly ban, b3? (v. § 76), but 
ten, Dan. ii. 10, is exceptionally according to the 
Hebrew. 

§109. 

In the word fcWMS, Ezra, often, being of the root *nas, 
the i as the last radical, is apocojDated (s. Grammar of 
the Bab. Talm. idiom, § 7). 

§110. 
The future tense of the verb tfjn, to be, occurs some- 
times improperly with b instead of the preformative 
Yod, e.g., fcttnb, Dan. ii. 20; Ezra iv. 13 ; "p'rib, Dan. ii. 
43 ; i;}!& id. v. 17. By this b the future takes for the 
most part the meaning of the optative or imperative. 
Such a b is commonly used in the Arabic and also in 
the Talmudical idiom. 



CHAPTER XL 

VERBAL SUFFIXES. 






§ HI- 

Paradigm of the verbal or objective suffixes : "top, lie 
has kept. 

WE?, he has kept me, 
rptft, he has kept thee, 

fi^tpS, he has kept him; ft "3^3, he has kept her, 
KJTP?* he has kept us, 
"p'sitM, he has kept ye, you. 
As for the third pers. plur. there is in the Bibl. 
Chald. made no use of the pronominal suffix, but of the 
independent pronoun iBn, e.g., ian nnirn, Ezra iv. 10 ; 
iEH sibaa kVi, id. v. 5, or "fiiari, as fran n^rn, Dan. ii. 
34 ; Kirn plan sto, id. ib. 35. 

§ 112. 
In the future an epenthetic Nun (5) is sometimes 

found inserted between the verb and its suffix, <?.^., fi??.rp, 
Dan. ii. 11; ft2:n?, id. iv. 22; ^Arrrn, id. ib. 2; ^npir^ 
id. iii. 15 : fijp-ftrj WjtfaTnn, id. vii. 23; fts^irw, id. v. 17. 

§ US. 

The termination n— of the infinitive, when with a 

suffix, is changed to irfi, <?.</., •pn'fiflni&b, Dan. vi. 21; 

rtln^snb, id. v. 15; WTttpnk, id. vi. 4. With a suffix of 

the first person the infinitive takes the epenthetic Nun 



VERBAL SUFFIXES. 47 

§ 114. 
The verbal inflections ending in 1 take ift as a 
suffix of the third pers. masc, e.g., Wnnjpn, they brought 
him, Dan. vii. 13, from the preterite : WJjn. The same 
is the case with the nouns, as fyaxi from 13K. The ver- 
bal inflections ending in n- take also the suffix *>n, e.g., 
*>nj3, Ezra v. 11, from rwa preterite. It, however, is 
changed to ft!? when annexed to a verbal inflection end- 
ing in FU or tf— , e.g., ft!?22tt, as he desires it, Dan. iv. 32 ; 
ft?P^?, to heat it, id. iii. 19, from the infinitives K32tt, 
8pa, resp. to will, to heat. 



CHAPTER XII. 



NUMBERS. 






The cardinal numbers 


115. 

of 


the Bibl. Chald. 


are as 


follows : 

Masc. 




Fern. 




1 W, 




nnn or sin, 




2 wanting,* 

3 nnbn and anbn, 

4 nyaia, 




rite, 
ssn» 


. 


5 wanting, 

6 wanting, 




wanting, 
Ml?, Dan. iii. 
™, Ezra vi. 


1 and 
15, 


7 n?nt?, 

8 wanting, 

9 wanting, 

10 rnte?, 

11 wanting, 




wanting, 
wanting, 
wanting, 


" 


12 *>.to$ ■nn, 










wanting till 










20 PW, 
30 priori, 
wanting till 






^wanting. 




60 pisflp, 
wanting till 










100 n»», 
1000 qbsj, a&ba, 




> 






* The number 2 masc. is probably "pin, according to the fern, ^rnn and 
to -i(b» "nrn, 12, of which the Nun is omitted, as these two words are con- 


tracted into one. 








1 



NUMBERS. 



49 



Masc. Fern. 

10,000 is 1 ?, plur., ftrt, fetfw wwwy. fnri, 
1,000,000 D^bs qba, fe<^ marg. ft}**, 
100,000,000 flri isn, lectio marg. "jnni. 

There occurs T*"tnbn, Dan. iii. 23, with a suffix. Some 
of the old Grammarians read the second M with a tiyi 
forte. See *io firm 



§ H6. 
The following are ordinal numbers : 

Masculine. 
Sing. 

the first, Tffjg (§ 28), 

the second, wanting, > 

the third, wbn, 

the fourth, lywj, 

emphatical soyni, Dan. iii. 25, 



Plur. 



:^? 



wanting. 



Feminine, 

Sing. 

the first, emphatical arnfc'ij?, 
the second, wan, Dan vii. 5, 
the third, nwrfclj, id. ii. 39, 
the fourth, K^m, fec&'o mar^f., n$p¥J, id. ii. 40 ; vii. 23. 
emph. Ktjjjw. 



Plur. 
r wanting. 



§117. 

The words «nbri, Dan. v. 16, 29, and iftbfl, id. v. 7, 
4 



50 NUMBERS. 

are appellations of a certain rank or dignity, especially- 
military.* 

§ 118 - 
n?nt) in, Dan. iii. 19, signifies seven times as much, 
sevenfold. Completely it should be nrntt) nn b? ? for one, 
seven, like in other Aramaic dialects, |"n® in by ? for one, 
two, i.e. , twice as much. 

* Equivalent to the Hebrew ttjibtl), D^tt&ttJ, captain, leader, Exod. xiv. 7 ; 
xv. 4; Yarchi takes ^nbn for a fractional number, and interprets inbrn 
tibia* 1 &<n"l3bEa, be shall rule over the third part of the kingdom. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

ADVERBS. 

§119. 
The adverbs in the Bibl. Clial. have no special ter- 
mination, and there occurs only one instance, rW5P\, 
Dan. ii. 7, showing a trace of a peculiar termination, 
similar to that of the Hebrew in Waaip. 

§ 12 °- 
Adverbs probably original, are: 

1. THSj and T?W5, then, soon after, hereupon, soon. 

2. b», not, preceding the future, which then takes the 

meaning of the imperative, Dan. ii 24 ; iv. 16 ; v. 10. 

3. *», Dan. ii. 31 ; iv. 7, 10 ; vii. 8, and 

V1», Dan. vii. 6 (occurring seven times), from which 
is derived the rabbinical , nn, behold ! lo ! 

4. fi|, here. 

5. ab 7 no, not. 

6. "li^, more, yet, Dan. iv. 28. 

7. ran, there, Ezra v. 17; vi. 12; ran fa, from there. 

Gesenius takes, incorrectly, this n as n localis (like 
the Hebr. aw»). 

§121. 
Adverbs derived from other parts of words by addi- 
tional syllables or without, are : 

1. anryja, Ezra vii. 23, of uncertain meaning ; possibly : 
diligently, eagerly.* 

* I think it to be of Pers. origin, compound of : • \ which means : of, from, 
by reason, — ^, meaning: in, its own, in itself. (Locat.)and\^, meaning to, till 



52 ADVERBS. 

2. W», there is, are, from fr^^t^tf, a being, a person 
(like the Hebr. F? from ttPtf). . It is probably the 
abbreviated plural of 'p.rpa (like the Hebr. ^ of 
?! ,h ]? ! )j as in fact it forms with the suffixes, like the 
nouns in plural, sprn$, ^niffs, ]irn^. irpa, is to be 
taken, properly, neither as an adverb, nor as any 
other part of words, but as a complete sentence, a cir- 
cumstance which shows the great antiquity of this 
word. The meaning of ^f]* 1 ^ with suffixes, therefore, 
is not merely, there is, but, I am, thou art, he is, etc. 
Thus bns sprnsn, Dan. ii. 26, is to be translated, art 
thou able? pnbs awrna &6, id. iii. 18, we are not wor- 
shipping; 'pTny fbT^ id. iii. 15, are ye ready? wa 
^Di «anb«, id. iii. 17, is our God able? (see § 119). 

3. arises, Ezra vi, 12 a. o., speedily, fast * 

4. anuria, constantly. Therefrom the Eabbinical T^n, 
according to Gesenius from W, tarry, last; accord- 
ing to Rabbi Abraham Lattes from TJSJ return, 
viz. in a periodical way, as in Dan. vi. 17, 21, in 
regard to the periodical, and not constant, daily 
prayers. 

5. «bn ? equivalent to the Hebrew fcfrn, signifying an in- 

terrogation. 

6. BTOn, Dan. iii. 14, is it true, that . . . ? 

7. +® (ittg?), like, as. 

(Temp.)= Vi O *A : at this very time, on the spot. So also is : * A : for its 

own sake, an abbreviation of this compound in the Turkish language. (See 
Fuad-Effendi's Osm. Gram., Ch. V., Sect. 2d. 

* Probably of Pers. origin; comp. xnEDX 0A<x7ra8aTas, Diod. S. ii. 33), a 
name of the god Behram in the shape of a horse, as this animal is called in the 
Zend, Asp, or Asph. But, Asa : horse is the Sanskrit name which means orig- 
inally, speed, swiftness. See M. Muller, Science of Language. 



ADVERBS. 53 

8. njns and 1? (from ftS), so, thus. 

9. rnn?, Dan. ii., together, at once. 

10. rra3, Dan. iii. 33, how ! how very ! how much ! 

11. xri23 (v. § 104), as we shall say, namely, as follows. 

12. wigs, 1?3, Ezra iv. 10, 11; vii. 12, and nys, id. iv. 
17 (n??), now, presently. r\a23 an( ^ n ?? are applied 

in introducing a sentence, likewise, "and now," in 
English.* 

13. jib^a and ^ttbjb, Dan. ii. 44, for ever, in eternity. 

14. a-ttte, Dan. v. 9 ; vi. 15, 24 ; vii. 28, many, very, 
exceedingly. 

§122. 

Adverbs composed of two or more words : 
HJ1 "nrra, Dan. ii. 29, 46, and nan nnas, Dan. vii. 6, 7, 

after this, after which. 
nw bnp-b?, Dan. ii. 12, 24, and 
nan bngb ? according to that, in consequence of that, 

therefore, likewise. 
■j"Htf "pa, Ezra v. 16, since that time. 
jrsp tp, Dan. ii. 8, and 
taiDp 1$, Dan. ii. 47, in truth, in certainty, 
njn nanp pa, Dan. vi. 11, and 
nn nan^a, Ezra v. 11, before this time, years ago. 
fnnif ny, Dan. iv. 5, at last. 
ns n?, Dan. vii. 28, hitherto. 
1"? T?, Ezra v. 16, until now. 
nab? n? 



, Dan. vii. 8, and 

arrby aby n? 

sab? nyj nab? -pa, Dan. ii. 20, for ever, in eternity. 

* From pa?, time, like the Hebr. ns, which is also applied as an adverb. 
*1VQ2>i n? id, Hos. xiii. 13. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

The prepositions in the Bibl. Chald. are as follows : 

S Asa prefix, having the same signification as in Heb. 

£ signifying, the same, as in Heb., but mostly the accu- 
sative, e.g., W i»;arft asbE, Dan. ii. 48, the king ele- 
vated Daniel. 

T?™, Dan. ii. 29, with suffixes ; lirrnrjK, id. vii. 24, and 

-insa, id. vii. 6 and 7 (nnKa,= pipes) with suffixes: spina, 
id. ii. 39, after. 

■pa, id. vii. 5, with suffixes, iryrpa, id. vii. 8, between. 

a *y-«j, id. ii. 34, without. 

fi}b ? * by, close to; ^rjjb fa, Ezra iv. 12, from thy neigh- 
borhood, ?!.&, from thee, like the Hebr. p?n. 

*#b 7 Dan. vii. 25, towards, at the side. 

I'D, from, with suffixes ?jtt, rtari, fojtt, pnp'a, jrtfa, ^stt. 

MSta, Dan. vi. 5, from the part, in regard. 

■3}J, id. vi. 11, opposite. 

TJ, until, till. 

b?, upon, by, near by, to, Dan. ii. 24; vi. 7 and 16; vii. 
16; more than, id. iii. 19; opposite, id. iii. 29; v. 23, 
Ezra iv. 18; on, id. ib. 11, 17; with the suffixes 
of the plural nouns ^ spb?, trh% *»"»b?, jirpb? and 
Dnb?, Ezra vii. 24. 

ya K}?, Dan. vi. 8, superior to. 

* Coutr. of nxib from jtib, connection. 



PREPOSITIONS. DO 

D2, with, by, next, Dan. ii, 11; in (in regard to time), 

id. iii. 33; iv. 31; vii. 2. 
bnj?^ bnp, opposite, before, in the presence, Dan. 3 ; v. 1 , 

5; in consequence, accordingly, id. v. 10; Ezra vi. 13, 

with suffix ^njjb. 
D7£, before, in the presence, with sufB. W£, TV1Z. 

(Tq'TB, Dan.\ 23, is irregular), ^TOlg, .Wg, Tirrajjj. 
D?P Ta,=i3B>tt, from before, Dan. ii. 15 ; vi. 27 ; Ezra vii. 

14, with sufi. ^ET^.^nitt'jjjTtt, etc. 
ninn, beneath, under, Dan. vii. 26 ; with surf. winhn, 

Dan. iv. 9, 18. 
sninn "pa, Jer. x. 11, from under ; with the suff. irfinfif) yn, 

Dan. iv. 11, as if from nnp ]i2. 



CHAPTER XV. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 






§ 124. 
The conjunctions are as follows : 

0*13, but, though, surely, Dan. ii. 28; iv. 12, 20; v. 17 ; 
Ezra v. 13. Probably from the Kabb. +% or *r% 
meaning : certainly ("VHS), like the Latin conjunction 
verum, yet, but, from verus. Like n*a»a of the 
Mishna, meaning : yet, when following n £ by 5]S. 

■*?, that, as [because; used in the same way as are *rt$8 
and ^3 in the Hebr. Also in relation to a sentence]. 

*j b3]j"b3, because of that, for this cause, for reason of 
that. The word b3 is here of no special meaning, and 
b3]?"b3 seems to be originally one word, forming 
b3Pb|, like the Rabbin, ^sbs, raabs [from ^sa bs, in 
presence of all that, considering that], bnp b3 seems 
to be the origin of rnaarbs in Eccles. 

(■H3) nj an, Dan. ii. 43, even as (ni£>S3), in the same 
way as. 

*i IP, after that, therefrom, Dan. iv. 23 ; Ezra iv. 23 and 
v. 12. 

1*7 rnrtt by, that, in order to, to the end, Dan. ii. 30 IT 
■^ rns% Dan. iv. 14, has its origin in the ancient use 
of changing the end-consonant into the initial of the 
following word when both consonants are of the 
same nature. (See Proleg. § 198.) 

fn, if, when, fn, in 'pTny v°^m» in yso, Dan. iii. 15, has 
been considered by some to be the Hebr. fi, behold ! 



CONJUNCTIONS. 57 

But this is wrong ; for in the Aram, it never has this 
meaning, and the sentence is to be translated, Now, if 

ye be ready, etc. (well !), but if not, etc A similar 

ellipsis is found in Exod. xxxii. 32. asnba im« fn, 
etc., ib. ib. 17, must be translated: . . . "If the God 
whom we worship be able to deliver us, He will deliver 
us from the burning, fiery furnace, and from thy hand." 
The king having said, who is that God that shall 
deliver you out of my hand? they, considering the 
respect due to him, did not contradict directly, but 
deferentially answered: If He will be able, He will 
deliver us ; but even if, as thou sayest, He be not able 
to do it, know, that still we shall not worship the 
golden image. In sons rnnn fn, Dan. iv. 24, p is not 
altering its meaning, but it must be taken with an 
ellipsis, thus : If (thou wilt) that there be a length- 
ening of thy tranquillity. — )*"} . . . fn* Ezra vii. 
26, whether so ... or so .. . 

fab, a) except, unless, only if, Dan. ii. 11, 30; iii. 23; 
vi. 6, 8, 13; Ezra v. 12 (from in *6 instead of 8b ]n, 
Lat. nisi, instead of, si no//) ; If) therefore, con- 
sequently (fab), Dan. ii. 6, 9; iv. 24.* 

j^i, id. vi. 22 ; Ezra v. 10 ; vi. 5, and also. 

rreb, Ezra iv. 22, and ntob-w|, id. vii. 23; that not, unless, 
like the Talm. «ttb^, and the Hebr. fi£b and nttb©. 

ra-b? 7 why ? 

* The passages quoted in b) admit just as well the signification given in a). 

3* 



CHAPTER XVI. 

INTERJECTIONS. 



§125. 
»n, Dan. iii. 25, and an in XJD an (§ 23), may be con- 
sidered to be ioterjections, meaning, lo ! see! behold ! 



GRAMMAR 



OP THE 



CHALDAIC IDIOM 



OP THE 



BABYLONICAL TALMUD. 



CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

§ i- 

The language in which the Babylonical Talmud was 
written is called the Bahylonical-Talmiidical idiom, 
and forms a dialect of the Aramaic or Chaldaic lan- 
£mao;e. 

§ 2 - 

The Babylonical Talmud, though very large in 
volume, maintains in its language grammatical unity 
and harmony. Its language is characterized as the 
" Talmudical dialect" from which, however, the dialect 
of the following parts in the Talmud is more or less 
different : 

a) A great number of passages in the Mishna and 
Baraitha, as also such sentences as belong to Palestinean 
authors (R. Yochauan, R. Amea, R. Ashe), which are 
abundantly scattered in these parts of the Talmud. 
They are not Aramaic, but Hebrew of a later period, 
the so-called DTasn y\xcb\ Rabbinical dialect. 

b) Sentences belonging to Palestinean sages ; they are 
nearer to the Targum dialect. 

c) Some pieces of notarial style, as honorary instru- 
ments, mercantile contracts, etc., being also more of the 
Targum dialect. 

d) The tract of Nedarim, which differs somewhat in 
its dialect from that of the Bab. Talmud, as has been 
noticed already by Rabenu Asher in his commentary 



62 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

to Nedarim, p. 2), saying nmtt tt+m frobB aba, only 
that the language of Nedarim is different (from the 
common Talm. dialect). So also is the tract of Nazir 
distinguished by its use of some of the phraseology 
peculiar to Nedarim. The linguistic peculiarities of 
both tracts pertain to the Palestinean dialect (see 
§§ 38, 47, 48). 

§ 3. 
As to its wording the Talm. dialect uses, besides the 
Hebrew, also words of many other languages, as Greek, 
Latin, Persian, Syriac, Arabic, etc. Concerning the 
different Talm. dictionaries, there are given some use- 
ful notices by Moses Landau in his preface to the *0"OT 
fViDb. As to the originally Persian words in the Talmud, 
see Adrian Reland, dissert, miscellan., t. II., diss, ix., 
and an extract thereof in the D"W ^TiDa, Jahrgang 587, 
p. 76-79.* 

§ 4 - 
The Talmud consists of records and discussions, relat- 
ing partly to the doctrines of the different schools 
(academies) in regard to ritual statutes, civil and moral 
laws, and partly to matter of popular nature, having 
the social and political life as the subject of consider- 
ation. 

§ 5. 
In the doctrinal parts of the Talmud a great number 
of Hebrew words, as also many technical terms and 
designations peculiar to the nature of this matter, are 
applied, and expressions originally Greek, as found in 
the Mishnah, are profusely employed. In the sections 

* And of later date: T. Perle's Etymologische Studien. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 63 

relating to popular matter, however, a great variety of 
exclusive Talm. words, as also Persian and Chaldaic 
expressions are abundantly prevailing. 

§ 6. 
In relation to its grammar the Talmudical dialect is 
particularly characterized by its disposition towards an 
utmost contraction of words, and this peculiarity is the 
ground on which the following rules and regulations 
are founded : 

7. 

1) The terminal consonant is generally, and, when a 
Nun (3), almost always omitted, e.g., "HBB for V*yn$, say- 
ing, partic. plur. ; 8|B for ]ii2 (f» "pa), wheref rom ? ^a 
for ma, in the house of . . . (Germ, bei) ; Sfci«, «ttTi, 
»Q15, I shall, thou wilt, he will say, for Wtt, Wn, wa ; 
tfOT for TBtt, small; ^n for n^n (§ 97'). There is in the 
Bibl. Chald. but one instance of such an apocope, viz., 
the word 8ED3, Ezra, often. 



Apocopated words change either the KllD into a 
vowel, e.g., ip^n instead of Wpn, she will stand, i.e., the 
question will stand undecided ; or the vowel into a 
diphthong *, e.g., "^n instead of n^n, I wa s ; or, lastly, 
the Kl© into a diphthong, e.g., w^se for Jisstt, from you; 
pr^a'a for "jinsB, from them. 

§9- 
The suffixes 1 and ^ are often omitted. The first 
with verbs, the latter with verbs as well as nouns, e.g., 

* See my Prolegomini and my Hebrew grammar, §§ 17, 51. A. 



64 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

yn for "tftf, my master, teacher, lord; "JIM for ^3?ly* he 
robbed me (Nedarim 62.) ; "1«n»K for rm% they said, 
with the vowel 1 transposed. In the Syriac the suffixes 
1 and i are mute. The omission of the suffix "» is found 
more frequently in the Palest. Talm. dialect ; thus R. 
Yochanan says : fd i& "rfrra *\m "Ft? ispnfcgi ^ (Chag. 
15:), If I had taken hold of him with my hand, who 
could wrest him from me ? instead of 'WTO and ^sa?.** 

§10. 
The vowel 1 omitted at the end of a verb takes its 
place, before the last consonant as in "WEK (s. § 9). 

§11 \ 

2) Many of the monosyllabical particles are joined 
either to the following or to the preceding word, e.g., 
*f, a particle which in the Talm. dialect is never used 
separately (s. § 25) ; *8, when, if, in »#%*», if thou 
Avilt say ; WS^:, if thou desirest, if thou requirest ; an, 
behold, yet, but yet, as ^nsn, yet, there is written ; 
"man, yet, he said ; Kjp (§ 23) in ■"»»£, he stands saying 
(sta dicendo), he says; «ti, he ; fc^n, she, in ^se, "»att, who 
is ? "jS, to us, in igja, wherefrom is that (known) to us ? 
where is this derived from ? So also the dissyllable, 
Mn, these, in ijta 'Wjpa instead of "tea ■on »|B, wherefrom 
are these things derived ? 

§ 12 - 

3) The guttural 2? is often elided, <?.£., H for fyj, he 

* S. § 92 a. 

** In the Talmud edition before me in the quoted passage, -,5tE is found 
instead of *,e, which possibly may be justified by the transposition of the s ; 
similar to -irpax mentioned above. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 65 

set (s. i«n, Genes, xxx. 38) ; Kyi for »WT, the Little 
(surname of a Rabbi of small stature) ; snfag for Scarpa, 
ford, ferry ; *%m for VQtpo, burden ; WTsn for Ufff. ^n, 
this time, at present ; «r\©n for tf n^2J an ? at this moment, 
hour. 

At the beginning of a word the 2 is often changed 
into tf (§§ 21, 22). The n also is sometimes elided, as 
l?Sj for a:n?_$, we ; ann for snnn, and ^nin for ^ninn, 
under. So are S 1WQ and fc^TS probably derived from 
the Targumic verb 3H?, corresponding to the Hebr. mp, 
to happen, meet. From the same verb are derived in 
the Mishnah the words W? by elision of the last, and 
yptf by elision of the first 2, while the Talm. dialect 
eliding both 3?s has the derivatives "H"^, it^8 instead of 
rftfifc, aryra and sr-pa instead of ifcfWfc Thus 8*»T» *m 
Wi (Nazir 9, 15, 28) is to be translated what hap- 
pened, that he repeated, learned, said . . . ? The word 
•wrn is often suppressed, e.g., DTids *&& arPK *8S3 (Pessa. 
50.), T^nno a-na ^fc (Nazir 25.). So also sb. an nWB ^ 
K?y$, if only for that (if there be no other difficulty) 
there is nothing met, proved for, or against it. So 
also fcO"PS *>T*Q (Pessa. 60.), is there anything met, i.e., 
agreeing with that ? or, is there any relation between 
the two ? The same sense is expressed by the words 
"n^tf and ^T^B, they mainly agree with, they fairly meet 
together Cthe statements, etc.), but the opposite, one 
does not concur or correspond to that.* 

§ 13. 
The 1 is sometimes omitted as in 8}1» for fcW"tftf (s. 
§§ 55, 63). 

* Aruch explains "n^at, they taught, and i-p^Q, they teach, from the radix 

5 



66 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 

In the Talmud, dialect the mode of expression is ex- 
tremely concise and brief. Thus single words represent 
often whole sentences, and the alternation of persons 
speaking in the dialogues are very often to be under- 
stood by mere implication, without the least indication, 
while words indicating conjunctions, interjections, and 
interrogations are often entirely omitted. This pecu- 
liarity of the Talmud, idiom is probably due to the cir- 
cumstance that this great work was not written down 
as a book by its original author or authors, but com- 
posed as a copy of the discussions and discourses as 
held long since by the teachers and sages of old, and 
preserved by way of traditions in the memory of their 
disciples and followers, who at last, after several cen- 
turies, have put them down in writing. Everybody knows, 
that while in writing any word omitted would greatly 
impair and confound the meaning of the author, in 
speech, such omissions are far from doing any injury to 
the sense of the sentence, and may therefore fairly pass 
without consideration. 

§ 15. 

The orthography of this dialect corresponds upon the 
whole to its pronunciation regardless of its etymology. 
There is consequently in the Talm. dialect no room for 
idle letters. 

§ 16. 

The Talmud having been written without vowels, use 
was made, instead, of the quiescent letters more ex- 
tensively than is usually the case with books written 

ttix or -nx, and "pi-rtf £<p*T£ (B. K. 30:), as alsoj>o"i!!< iTJO in the sense of 
opposing, objecting. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. G7 

with vowels. In the Talmud, therefore, vowels are sub- 
stituted by letters. The a denotes fop or rin& ? e.g., 
^n^p for "np, calling, reading ; fata for "pa, who ? ^ in for 
■nn, 1 was. The Yod (- 1 ) denotes pw or *n:fc, e.g., rrra 
for fi|E, from him. Two Yods (■") indicate the diph- 
thong ^', f.^., i:wa for wjaB. The 1 stands for fiVin, 
p-ri», and also for pup (.), ^., srbiD for fi?3, all of 
him, it. Two Vavs (ll) or two Yods (" l ' 1 ) often signify 
that 1 or *> are to be read as consonantal sounds, and not 
as quiescent, e.g., irnii&o read ^rnjso, his lips, a^na 
read n*ntf, on what, which ? 

§17. 
The Talin. idiom having been at the time when it 
was spoken provided with no vowels, its pronunciation 
has become at last uncertain ; it may, however, be deter- 
mined to some extent by the following principles : 

a) By the quiescent letters (s. § 16) ; 

b) By analogy with the pronunciation of the Chal- 

daic and Syriac ; 

c) By analogy between different parts of the Talmud 

dialect itself ; 

d) By tradition or the pronunciation used hitherto 

by the Jews in reading the Talmud. 



CHAPTER II. 

PREFIXED P ARTICLES. 

§ 18 ' 

The letters forming the words fen ia&Sl Djj, are used 
as prefix-particles, which, divided into the voweled 
letters 8, n, a, g, and the unvoweled 3, 7, ?j ?> ■?> furnish 
the sentence 1ia§5 rrcripx, as -wees memoriales. 

§19. _ 
In the Talm. dialect the n is not, like in the Bibl. 
Chal., used as an interrogative, but as an interjection or 
as a substitute for the adverbial an, equivalent to the 
Hebr. afrri, behold ! and yet ! e.g., ^nsn, yet, there, is 
written (in the Script.) ; "jinn, yet ! we repeat ! (the 
oral tradition of that doctrine or precept), i.e., and yet 
we read in the Mishnah f s?:nn 7 yet, there is a repeti- 
tion, a learning (of the traditional doctrine), i.e., and 
yet ! it is taught in the JBaraitha f *&&}, yet he says ! ? 

§ 20. 

n is sometimes a substitute of the demonst. pronoun 
fern. »n, this, e.g., &R*#n,'contr. from arOT an (s. § 12) ; 
nrnsn, this may rest, £0. this might be right, this would 
do if ... ; nprn (s. n:^n, Chapt. VIII. end), this will 
rest, i.e., this will do, or, would be admissible. In the 
word Krp$n (§ 12) n substitutes the pron. masc. "Win. 

§ 21. 

a is a substitute for the preposition fep, e.^., ^i?X for 



PREFIXED PARTICLES. 69 

*»** tt bp ? for what ? upon what reason ? why ? n^ for b? 
b|, upon the back, &&, over, upon, on ; «P:n« for by, 
fcsryi, at the opinion, intention; tf^ba for sab b$_ 
according to the meaning, sense ; ">T?*? for ^ by, by 
hand, i <?*, by reason, by help, means, etc. Such an a is, 
however, omitted where the preceding word ends in a, 
}P3H Sj?bo (Shabb. 71.), TW1 S£bD for 'psnK apbo, spbo 
■pirns, it might come up in thy mind, in our mind, i.e., 
thou wouldst, we could believe. 

§22. 
Sometimes « substitutes the prepos. HP, e.g., *itttH» 
(Chagg. 5.), till, up to the time, when he was small 
(young); «brrj« (Pess. 113.) for abrfn ^ to the sand; 
VT1* (Kidd. 30.) for ?T ^ 1?, till (to the time) that it 
is in thy hand, power ; MmK (Shabb. 68 :), for ^m ^, till, 
as far, as he repeats, learns (followed by : rather) ; 
"Vr ^1?^$ (Sanh. 33 :) for ITpltil TO, till the fire burns ; 
$?? tpitDprna (Abodah Zarah, 58 :), till, thy cloak is yet 
on thee ; »J»TWJ« (Berach. 62 :), for — m TO, till, as 
long as I make the roundabout-way. It is seen by the 
quoted examples that the omission of the 1 takes place 
only with words beginning with % where it is compen- 
sated by Dagesh forte; otherwise the *J is preserved, as 
'orm for "Ofi TO, till, as long as in this time, manner,- 
i.e., up to this time, meanwhile, in the meantime.* 

§23. 
The prefix JJ stands for the word tfj?, being con- 
tracted from ^ag, which again is an abbreviation from 

* Neither is the n contr. when 13? is to be taken in the proper sense of 
until, in regard to time, as iilt ">b "Hm ",V (B. M. 1), until I shall have money. 



70 PKEFIXED PARTICLES. 






Dap, the active partic. Kal of the verb, D^p equivalent 
to the Hebr. IW, standing. This partic. may be used 
as an auxiliary verb in connection with the participle 
of any other verb, e.g., "va»j?, tos «p, "ra« ^p, "nasi nap, 
-naitfi Tgi*, he is standing and saying, he says, he is say- 
ing. This particle, however, has no bearing whatever 
upon the meaning of the sentence, and as it merely is 
employed to render the phrase more neat, it may as 
well be suspended.* 

Such phrases as* 1 !? D8p T\yv\^ (Yernsh. Berach. c. II.) 
who was tilling; fan O^p rffbTO nnrti, " and there was an 
archont, who was holding court," found in the Talmud 
Yerushalmy, show clearly that such was the mode of 
speech actually in use. 

§ 24 - 
The particle p may be prefixed to any participle 
regardless to gender and number, e.g., "T^Kp, they say 

(masc.) ; K'r^p, she says; V?^p, they say (fern.) Sep- 
arately taken, it would read fn?? T^p, k-ie« ^?p, 
pas "jti^p. 

§25. 
The "r substitutes the particle ^ in all its significations 
(s. Bibl. Chald. Gram., §§ 37, 124). 

§26. 

As to the punctuation of the prefixes, the ^ve letters 

1 1 n D b have a Kii&, and follow probably the rules of 

the Hebrew prevailing with a b d 1, followed likewise 

by the Bibl. dial. The K and the n have principally 

* This particle is chiefly employed in the interrogative and affirmative to 
make the expression more emphatic ; it corresponds, though not in meaning, 
yet in its application, to the English auxiliary verb, do. 



PREFIXED PARTICLES. 71 

nns, which probably changes into f"ap when preceding a 
guttural. The "a has pTH, like in the Hebr. and the 
Chald., and probably changes into rms when preceding 
a guttural. 

§ 27. 
There may be prefixed to a word two and also three 
different particles, e.g., T8£ ^T}$ (Berach. 3), on that 
(doctrine, precept, etc.) of Rabbi Ma'ir; ip2? ^"TO (ib. 
4), like, as that (doctrine) of rabbi Yacob ; tfW'iDb (ib. 
11), (in relation to a like (doctrine) as has been taught 
(in the Baraitha) ; ^p^ (ib. 2), from that he is teach- 
ing, orally repeating, quoting. 



CHAPTER III. 

NOUNS. 

§ 28. 
The status empliaticus ending in tf is also used in the 
Talmud and in singular number even more frequently 
than in the Bibl. Chaldaic, as anaa nn. 

§ 29. 
The genitive is generally denoted by 1, which, how- 
ever, is omitted when following such words as are more 
frequently used, as 12, son ; ra, daughter ; ta, house, 
and the like. 

§ so. 

Nouns and prepositions followed by the genitive l 
commonly take, like in the Chald. (s. B. Chal. (Jr., § 
36), the pronoun suffix merely for the purpose of ampli- 
fying the phrase, e.g., oriiiirn fi^ia?, his slave of Herod, 
i.e., Herod, his slave, or Herod's slave. 

§ 31. 
So also stand ft^b, to him ; ftb, to her ; *nb, to them, 
before words beginning with the b dative or accusative 
for no other use but merely to fill out the phrase, e.g., 
FpyOTb mb -vox, he said to him, to his servant, i.e., he 
said to his servant ; Tirrnib nb -raac, he said to her, to 
his wife, i.e., he said to his wife; ]:_3")b mb K3"W ^n ^d 
(Berach. 6 :), when I have seen them, the rabbis, i.e., 
when I have seen the rabbis. A similar pleonasm is often 



Noras. 73 

found in the unnecessary use of the objective suffix 
joined to a word preceding the accusative, e.g., »TOnp 
innin»b S?^ n^nao rmimbb (Pess. 3 :), he tore it, his 
raiment, and turned it, the rent, backwards, i.e., he tore 
his raiment and turned the rent backwards. 

§ 32 - 
The masc. plur. non-emjpliaticus ends in ^— (like in 
the Syriac, though here in tf-), e.g., ^n?, men; *W?n, 

sages, wise men. 

§33. 

Some masc. nouns plural end in «rn, e.g., arnjtD'H, 
heads (Kid. 29 :) ; *rnj^ (B. M. 86 : ; B. Bath. 73 : ; 
Gittin 57.), nights; »nijc« (Gittin 56:), physicians; 
Srnnbify hosts (Chulin 60). 

§ 34 - 
The possessive pronoun suffixes are substantially the 
same as in the Chalclaic, with the difference, however, 
that in the Talmud, dialect the singular suffix, first per- 
son, singular noun, often ends in ai, like the first person, 
plural noun, e.g., "W373 (Kethu. 63.), my vow; *8?3D (ib. 
77 :), my knife ; ^«nn» (ib. 105 :), my path ; ihqjfi (Necla. 
62.), my quarrel; 'WEB? (Yebam. 64:), my person. So 
also nouns with feminine terminations, as 'Wdtt (Kethu.' 
77:), my place; ^$ny^8,— "%W(1 ty according to my 
opinion. 

§ 3 ^. 

So also varies in the Talmud the possessive* suffix of 

the singular, second person, singular noun, from that in 

the B. Chal. by ending in Sp— more frequently than in 

1\—, e.g., spE^ttb, according to thy statement ; ip? 1 ??, thy 



74 nouns. 

sign, mark (mnemotechnical), (Pess. 20.) ; SpJflOfc (Chag. 
15.), thy verse; |W3? (Keth, 105:), thy business. 
There are, however, many also in 1\— , as $3*1 (Pess. 24.), 
thy teacher. 

§ 36- 
The possessive suffix first person plural with the noun 
singular ends in )*-., e.g., rp*?*? CBerach. 11 :), our chap- 
ter; "pyja ("Sank 94j, our country; "prcf!?, our opinion. 

§ 37. 
In the Talmudical orthography, excluding, as above 
said, every idle letter, the silent Yod (*) before the 
suffix if of the second person masculine with the noun in 
plural, as also- before the suffix ft of the third person 
feminine, the noun plural, though written in the Chal- 
daic, is here always omitted (&. B. Chal. 94, § 14J. 

§38. 
The suffix of the second person plural, with the noun 
in plural or in singular, is formed by *DJ— instead of 
■pD— and "pD— C§ S) ; so also is the suffix of the third 
person plural with the noun in plural or singular termed 
in TP- instead of lin— and "jim-, e.g., *D^3, your 
mouth ; ^5^8, your ears f Kethu. 112.) ; nD"»jna| (Shabb. 
140 :), your men; TP^nniB (IBerach. 6.), their praise; 
^jtt^J, their cloak; inijnja (B. M. 83.), their wages; 
tfT*3tt (^Shabb. 133 :), their garments. An exception to 
this rule is the word bis, all, which, though properly a 
noun, has lrf?3, they all, all of them, without the Yod 
(■>), after the form of the particles, Tib, to them; Wia 
in them ; Trnn, theirs. The termination 1 is in feminine 
often changed into V, e.g., ^npfiE'n, their (fern.) head, 



nouns. 75 

superintendent; ^r^j?, their (f.) baldness of head; 
^rns (Pess. 110.), their young ones. The suffix ter- 
mination in fin is peculiar to the two tracts of Nedarim 
and Nazir, e.g., finb, Nazir 31. and: 32., and: 38:, 44:, 
57 :, 59. ; PW^i ib- 39 : ; fifTa^, ib. 49 : ; fiiWtta, ik 
40. ; fir™, ib. 52 : ; firrcaa, ib. 59. ; firnra?, ib. 29. 

§39. 
The suffix of the third person singular masculine with 
the noun in plural is formed in tt— like that, with the 
noun in singular, e.g., ft^, his feet; rtvaa (B. K. 117.), 
his brows. Termed in W'— it is found in ttja W ^tftljn 
(Succah 53), the feet of the son of man, a phrase 
ascribed to R. Yochanan (s. § 2, a). 

§40. 
The nouns : SK, father, n& brother, Din, father-in-law, 
are (like in the Hebr., Chal. and Syriac) somewhat ir- 
regularly declined, as follows : 

Singular Suffix. 
I. person tf?8 (B. M. 59:), T»» *W|, my. . . . 
II. person Spaa (ib. 84), 1\ti& Span, thy. . . . 
III. person WOK* *wi» rtran, his. . . . 

Plural Suffix. 
I. person, ?Q8j (Pess. 31), our. . . . 
II. person, fisiMj (ib.), your. . . . 

III. person, firms (ib.), their. . . . 

It is proper to observe here that the nns with rt is 
a furtive one, under the same rule as in HTi. 

The plural of nx forms, like in the Chald. in fnaa and 
annnx ; the plural of ns is **n% 

* Also regularly. 



76 ^ouns. 

§ 41 - 

The noun *Q, son, forms the plur. like in the targum 
Chal. and Syriac in paa, ^ m& (Bera. 8.) ; n^a instead 
of "12 is found in a sentence of R. Yochanan, Sttna 'p'l 
TO n$Tte5Ji (Berach. 5 :, B. B. 116.), this is the boon of 
the tenth son (dead), and is of the Palestinean dialect, 
as the expression ^ ^ or iSHT? for "m T>3, the son of 
Mr. ... is used very frequently in the Palestinean Tal- 
mud. 

The feminine of *fi is 8FH3, daughter, of which the 
status constructus is na, and in the plural KFija, l?? the 
same as in the Syriac, only that in the latter it is written 
fr"fi, and pronounced ria. 

§ 42 - 
In the noun Eptf, man, the tf , like in the Syriac, is omit- 
ted in the compound tM "o, son of man, i.e., a person, 
and its plural is TOFB (with "nTX as a Syriacism), men, 
without difference of gender, while T3?3, men, means 
discriminately male. 

§43. 

tfrns, house, has in plural "M. From Sirna is derived 
the irregular form, WiWj his wife, properly the wife 
of his house. 

§44. 

The following fern, nouns take the masc. plural : 



/Singular. 


Plural. 


snnx, wife, woman, 


lis, 


Kf|frfc> thing, word, speech, 


** 


Kn&V, Sabbath, week, 


h 5^, 


**Z??tt?, time, moment, hour, 


"W, 


anrc, year, 


■p3tt, W. 



CHAPTER IV. 



PRONOUNS. 



§45. 
The personal pronouns are the following : 

Singular. Plural. 

I. person, tf T -K, I, fptf, we, 

II. person, r\«, thou, "pniK, yea, 

III. person, im», m. he, W», f. ahe,inF», m., wra, f. they 
(Berachoth 44). 

§46. 
T^a in Nazir 57 : , 64. is a Targumical form ; rva"b© n^ 
for Pi» (Shabb. 30), thou Solomo, is of the Palestine 
dialect, the author of the phrase being a Palestinean. 

§47. 

Demonstrative pronouns are : "^n masc., an fern., 
this (that) ; W, plur. com., these, those. 

The Chaldaic lp% this (masc.) is found only in such 
phrases as belong to Palestinean authors, e.g., 8tt"ti 'p'n, 
by P. Yochanan (§ 41) ; «j"a poy f^, this was a bad 
business (B. Kama. 99.), by P. Cheya, who lived in 
Palestine; »JTn ^ba f-H (Sanh. 31.), this (man) reveals 
secrets, by P. Amae, and «pb *orao yn yn bsi •pn fa bj 
(Kethub. 17.), only such as this and that (man) may 
promote us (to Pabbis and judges), a verse sung at the 
occasion of P. Amae's and P. Ashe's promotion to the 
dignities mentioned above, bbi^ tflpT?]? 1B-n "pp (So tali 



78 PRONOUNS. 

35), this severed head shall it speak?* presumed to be 
said by the Israelites against Joshua at the time of Moses. 

)^n is often used in Nedariin, e.g., *nn •p'ln (5) * ^nn 
*;?« (6) ; «tit y^jn (7) ; anp p^ini (10) ; antffc jrnis (11, 
22); -na» nn, na* p^ni (25): spies pnnb (38); pa 
»?? PTO (ib.) *rob$ ri^? (50) ; anaa ^nn (62) ; rra 
p^n (66). So also in Nazir 3, 10, 27, 35. 

ann is the fern, of p^n, 0.^., Bjirn ann (Ned. 53) ; ann 
■»b x;?a->*H Kin (ib. 55) ; nm -pa *nb tmia (ib. 57), three 
times, 58 two times; »nVna *nn (ib. 91). 

Sometimes an? stands for ^^0? ail( i m the plur. k,l T?, 
e.g., ^00 **7? (Pess. 53), it may be this (statement, f.) ; 
rraa an? (B. M. 60), this (passage, f.) says it, proves 
it ; THM '•'IS (Grittin 45), these are men. In the passage, 
however m\ nan*© ^5 (Gittin 31), it is used in the 
singular.** 

§ 48 - 
The Syriac and Masoretic pbn, these, occurs in Neda- 
rim, e.g., wnatt dtob pbn (2); *inp3 mga? *oot pbrn 
(30) ; TOp abi prnro *pbn paw »bi p;np pbn (37, 38)', 
these (words or letters) are read and not written, and 
those (words or letters) are written and not read ; pbn 
P10? P9?? (48) ; hrrn wjpa pbnb (49) ; pbrn pbn- 
(97) ; ffnfl pbn (91). So also in Nazir 4, 13, 14,19,37. 

* i"-£-i to the same interprets fcty^Iip, small, in relation to the head of the 
name, and Aruch, art. fflin, explains severed head, to relate to Joshua's childless- 
ness at that time ; both explanations are too weak to deserve any consider- 
ation. xiT"in73 to spj" 1 "ps defines it to relate to the prefixed Yod, being- a 
sign of elevation to the office, not bestowed from God but by Moses ; hence, 
" should this man without dignity have the right to speak ?" 

** But taking the whole passage j^H nx*"i"iO, "HS? "MX"! "jttE, and reading it, 
he who says these or such (things) is a Syrian, -1-73? may be considered as not 
exceptional. 






PRONOUNS. 70 

There occurs in B. M. 90, *nin ffeij, but this passage 
belongs to a question put by Palestineans (s. ^il^, ib.). 
The Chald. "p'38, these, is found in B. M. 15, used in a 
notary style. 

§49. 

There are yet other demonstrative pronouns, as fcwriH, 
that (masc), Wtt, that (fern.), ^nsn, those (com.). 
These words represent also the indefinite pronoun: some 
one, some body, a certain (quidam), but then they 
always are followed by an appellative noun, e.g., *^nn 
inn} (Berach. 6), one man, a certain man; &od ainn 
(ib. 5), one old man; arn?i"OT tfvin, a certain matron ; 
ijrna siron (Ber. 10), some vulgar people; ^« ■nn n:n 
(Cliag. 3), (there was once) two dumb persons. Some- 
times KWi stands for sins ainn, &$r., n^ijjp mrri wm 
^rai (Sanh. 7), that (man) used to say; Knap *wnh 
(Keth. 67), that (man) who came; and likewise for 
anna ariQ, <?.^., fcrogA snap *rnn (Ned. 50), that (wo- 
man) that came before him. 

§50. 
The expression Shirt ^^inn ? used as a euphemism, 
relates partly to the first, partly to the second person, 
in sentences of an odious or ominous sense, e.g., wnn 
aah aro^ »wi s-rann b?n anna (Gittin. 53), that man 
there (thou) is the enemy of this man (of mine), i.e., 
thou art mine enemy. 

§ 51. 

'sfVto and tp»n, sing, masc, and Spni, fern., denote, that 
there, the other there ; and :J5^, plur. com., those there, 
the others there, 

jJ-TW occurs very frequently in the sense : and the 



80 PKONOUNS. 

other of the two opposing parties, what has he to 
reply ? how is he able to maintain yet his statement ? 

Examples for Spa*n, s. Pess. 3, and Ned. 36 (VI'Ol 
*"nnn, sp«rn), and for SfH in B. K. 2. Examples for 
SfSH are «b sjan ps wi (Chag. 11), these here, yes; the 
others there, no ; VM WHS ijjfn «^b^b ibT$ tj:n (Bezah 
11), those there are gone, and these here are others. 

T^ft, -jn, -jdh represent properly the original pronouns 
^n, ^n i»n, increased by the suffix of the second person 
singular tj, saying as much as this thine, and indicating 
a reference to the person addressed, like the Italian 
cotesto* 

§ 52 - 
The pronouns W8 and Tips, when expressing the 
verb to be (he is, they are) take often at "the begin- 
ning** the letter 3 for the purpose of preventing a 
hiatus which necessarily would take place, as the pre- 
ceding words mostly end in a vowel-syllable, e.g., ^E 
^? (B. K. 3), what is? nma vr* (Pess. 10), he is, it is 
the same; W3 WHS (Bezah 11), these are others; T?n 
Wj "nni (Keth, 22), they are two and two; W "IE*?* 
fiinpj (Chag. 9), they are very righteous men ; accom- 
plished, righteous men; laijn is a compound from "^"n 
W3, and means, that is. 

§ 53. 
Possessive pronouns are *>T% ^fi^. ft^T?, WJTJ, 1T?> 
*0*V% TH"^, mine, thine, etc. The second T stands here 
for the b of the Targumic possessive pronoun ^7, «F^.j 
etc., of which the B. Chald. has one instance in Dan. ii. 
20. 

* Or the Lat. iste. ** Instead of the tf. 



PEONOUNS. 81 

Examples : W^tt KS^ ~>T^, mine (opinion) is better 
than yours ; TTP^a s .np»l TTHa ]pa, we are (busy) with 
our (things), and they with their (ones) ; an rPTI an 
Frin^, this is his (opinion), and the other one his mas- 
ter's. R. Yochanan says to the Palestineans (Succa 
44 ; B. K. 17), vm "jirtb^ ^-as fsb**, yours, they say, 
it is ? (the knowledge of the law), theirs it is ! 

§54. 

Interrogative pronouns are 1*M3, who? and derived 
from this are 1213, who is he ? and w, who is she ? 
(§ 11) ; i-ana, what ? in, which ? Examples for the last : 
«Pjra ^n (Chag. 7, 13), which of them? nic?£ ^n (Bez. 
10), which event? fact? 

It seems proper to observe here that it is incorrect to 
derive, as some writers do, the word n tftt in the phrases 
WWs 1KB, Kip iana, and the like from the pronoun in, 
and to read consequently 2WD12 TOtt, from what is this to 
be inferred? »ij? i»ng, from which verse (in the Scrip- 
tures) is this to be proved ? for as this pronoun is to be 
written without 8, there is no reason for its existence in 
the derivative. It probably is to be read mtm ifctfoj 
what is it that may show that ? aop ike, what verse is it 
that may prove that ? 

§ 55. 

But *JKE and i»£, though originally interrogatives, 
they are not used as such, e.g., Ta$7 1*^ ne wno saYS ? 
whoever says; njrrj ike, that what was. Sometimes 
*jke ^Kn (Ber. 6 ; B. K. 30) stands for the same expression. 

131B (Syriac and Palestinean Targum D^E, and 
Babyl. Targum DFTO), anything, aught; *Pb fVW ^T*? 



82 PRONOUNS. 

maiE n»jn (Kidd. 51 :), any tiling of which he may have 

some profit.* 

§56. 

The interrogative ^ is analogous to the Hebrew h $ ; 
It is employed in forming some adverbs, e.g., ^n, 
where ? (like the Hebr. nb^, nkpa) ; s^n, how ? (Hebr. 
Spa). The Palestinean dialect uses "pTn, K.T*? (Hebr. 
iTTO, nptf corresponds to the Syriac x^^), which? what? 
who ? So Nedarim 26 (according to ^n) ; an )^ ^n 
•pinna «*n "pi w jton. There occurs in Tamid ipv* 
four times with 8. From ^n amplified comes the word 
tf^n. It is, however, used only either with tf prefixed 
(s. § 21) as &^n« (Berach. 34 : ; Menach. 79 :), to what 
(statement does this relate ?) or with a prefixed b and 
the n elidited, so as to read fcOjb (Berach. 58.), whither? 
toward what (place) ? Hence the frequent expression 
fc^jb ^sbD, what to? where to? to what end? 

§57. 
The datives *h, tjb take often the insignificant syl- 
lables rn? prefixed, e.g., wbrni wn'rt (Keth. 67 :), he 
sent them to him; ttbrna T 1 "'?' 5 ? (Yebam. 63.), he brings 
to her; K^m nspra* (Shab. 119.), they brought it to 
him; »yj* Wjfcrp? in!p iMg (Keth. 92.), he makes 
them seize the ground in payment. 

§58. 

The possessive pronouns t?% sfj 11 ?, etc., stand some. 

times for the single possessive suffix, e.g., *>T1 $ft?v 

(Pessa. 23.) for ^«W3, my reason ; 1\y\ sm (ib. 25 :) 

for Span, thy blood. So also VI "TTja (Keth. 203 :) 

* S. § 97. 



PKONOUNS. 83 

for "tfiqa, with me ; WJHb ntTO pa (Beracli. 48.) for 
ftJ'Ob JWia, between him and her. 

§ 59. 
The expression T*} n Ta (Pess. 39 : ; Chag. 6 :) corre- 
sponds to the English these and those, both. 



CHAPTER V. 

NUMBERS. 



§60. 
The cardinal numbers are : 

Masc. 

1. in (Berachot 5.) 

2. "n*? (ib. fi.) 

3. tf^bn (ib. 6.) 

4. K^anx (B. mezia 73. 

B. Batra 71 :) 

5. TO (B. mez. 73.) 

6. arm? (id. ib.) 

7. syn© (Pessach. 110.) 
and with Sincope nil? 
(Gittin 57.) 

8. a;3Blj (Joma 72.) 

9. niPtcr. (Hiruviri 56 :) 

10. rnto? (Berachot 56.) 

11. ^n 

12. no*nn (Megilla 2.) 

13. np^bn (Megilla 2.) 



14. io^s (Megilla 2 :) 

15. Ttfren (ib.) 

16. ncr™ (Megilla 2.) 

17. non^ (Megilla 2.) 

18. "ip 139PI 

19. . . . 



Femin. 
vein (ib. 49.) 
nrin (ib. 3.) 
nbn (ib. 3.) 

Eton (Nazir 38.) 
WW (Berach 3 :) 
n© (Berachot 55 : 
Sanhedrin 29.) 



•gen (B. batra 75 :) 

ito? (B. batra 167.) 
■no "in (Arachin 12.) 
■no ipnn (Arachin 12.) 
■no nbn (Berachot 55 : 
Sanhedrin 106.) 

■HD*n (Schabbat 118.) 
■nornto (Schabbat 2 :) 
■noac (Berachot 55 :) 
■HD Tasn (Arachin 1 2.) 
■no^tgn (ib. Berachot 
' 28 :) 



NUMBERS. 85 

Masc. Femin. 

20. TW (Bechovot 50.) 

21. *jrn yryo* (ib.) 

30. rnbn (Jonia 71 :) 

40. f*??* (Avoda Zara 9.) 

50. fWn (B. batra 172.) 

60. 1^R« (B. Kama 92 :) 

70. *p?n» 

80. T*?W 

90. ■nytjn 

100. najt) (B. batra 25 :) 

200. ir«ti (Ketuvot 106.) 

300. nica nbn (B. batra 73.) 
1000. t)b« (Sanhedrin 39.) 

$£. emphat. a?ba (Berachot. 6.) 
2000. ^sb» *nn (B. batra 26 :) 
6000. Dig arro (Moed katan 10 :) 
10,000. amnnn (Berachot 6.) 

Plur. *rn3?? (Sandedrin 36.) 
12,000. ^btf nc^n (B. batra 150:) 
100,000. asba n*jtt (Berachot 8 :) 

§ 61 - 
■nn ^2 signifies: two persons (Chagig. 11 :) ; rni£>3> ^2 

(Kidd. 80:), ten persons; HKtt ^ (Berach. 50.), hundred 

persons 

§ 62 - 

^n and ^rnn are used with the suffixes ID and tftfi, 

and read thus: WWPi (Berach. 48.); W^n (ib. 5:). 

§ ^S. 
The numbers from 11 to 19 ending in *ip are often 
employed also for the fern, gender ; and may, therefore, 



86 NUMBERS. 






be considered to be of comm. gen. The fern, termina- 
tion in *ho is seldom used. 

Note. Buxdorf in his Chald. and Syr. grammar 
declares, and after him some other grammarians, as also 
Fuerst in his Lehrgebaude, p. 242, ^OCW or TWfy to ^ e 
as much as "HO? tfiorjj 19, contr. by way of syncope and 
metathesis, and as a support thereto he quotes an 
instance from Pseudo Yonathan, Genes, xi. 25. It is 
true that in the quoted passage ^OH© is found used for 
the number 19 ; but there is no doubt but that this 
word was inserted by mistake, either of copy or print. 
For it is hardly possible to think of any language, dia- 
lect, or people, however low their state of civilization 
may yet be, to have no discriminative expressions for 
two numbers as different as 16 and 19. ^Sffr or ^tfW, 
however, are correct, and occur in the Talmud, Arachin 
12. and Berach. 28:. 

§64. 

The ordinal numbers are : 
rap (derived from Wp), the first; plur. : ■Httgfc; fern. 

singul. : wrnnag (Berach 21.) ; plur. «0\ h Bp_ (ib. 7.), 

the first ones. 
i;pp, aqjafy the second. 
iJKrfcn, narnbij, the third, 
hayta? (Berach. 5 :), the tenth. 

The expression rap rap (Gittin 12.), corresponding to 
the rabbinical litf&n ]iTD&n, signifies : step by step, grad- 
ually, successively. 

§ 646. 

Terms expressing fractions are : 

ar^n, £ (B. M, 100.), sran, |. 



NUMBERS. 87 

Vtffn "fl} (Kett. 21.), properly, less i=f, i», being the 
pass, partic. of the verb 835, ^ (s. B. Ch. gr. § 88) : 
to subtract, properly, to beat, like the Fr. abattre.* 

§ 64c. 

The termination of the ordinal numbers is employed 
also for denoting patronymical nouns, e.g., nxbna nxcis 
(Gittin 11); n*rno (ib. 3., Keth. 53:); narrnaws 
(Ket. 82.) ; nx^na (Chul. 128.) ; n»M>} (B. K. 52.).' ' 

Rab's name, sd^ xa«, is supposed by some recent 
writers to be such a patrial name, relating to the city 
Areca.** But this is incorrect, for in this case it ought 
to read : SifcO'ns:. The fact, however, that Rab was tall 
of stature, is distinctly stated Nidda 24 : TVna 1\r\$ s an 
rnn, hence his name wis.f 

* And the Engl, abate. 

** In the province of Susiana, s. Ptolm. vi. 3 ; Mark, xxiii. 6. 

f Dr. Muhlf elder takes so^-ist in the sense of : healer, figuratively, re- 
former, as a complimentary name of Rab for his endeavors toward securing 
ths ecclesiastical independence of the Babylonian congregations from under 
the ambitious control of the Palestine community. But, besides that the 
application of this word, being singular and as unique as strange at the time 
in question, the grammar of the word, as will be seen, speaks yet more decid- 
edly against M.'s definition. For statist is the adjective noun formed from the 
pass, partici. ■jnjf of the verb, ^nx in }>p (s. B. Ch. gr. §§ 49, 50.) by the 
affix of the ^ emphatlcus. (s. B. Ch. gr. § 33. ). Hence, even in the sense 
suggested by M. , the proper meaning of the word would be : healed, figurl. 
reformed, in a pass, and not active mood, as reformer. No doubt, X3"ntf 
is to be taken in its original meaning : long, tall, inasmuch as the passage 
quoted above sufficiently testifies of x^nx to be Rab's epithet in relation to 
his tallness of stature, like tft^T, 'pprt. Or, what seems to be yet more 
probable, tfs-^ emphatically: the archon, from the Gr. ^ leader, which 
he in fact was, as stated in the quoted passage. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE VERBS. 






§ 65. 
The conjugations are the same as in the Chaldaic 
language, with the only difference that in the forms 
byea, bysna and bysna (like in the Targum and the 
Syriac) the Talmud always employs tf instead of n. 

§ 66. 
In the preterite, the n in the Chaldaic affixed to the 
first pers. sing, is in the Talmud always omitted ; e.g.,, 
wri, I have seen, for rPTTj ; wn, I have been, rmfi; ^an 
\>np (§ 87) ; ^9*5 for mm ; ^bgw, I have taken, for 
nbpir • 1913? (Yeba. 61 :), I have stated, for wgfg. 

§ 67 - 

The ri affixed in the Chal. to the third pers. sing, is 
in the Talmud generally omitted and replaced by X or 
n. E.g., mb rTTH*, she said to him; srt nfch^K (Keth. 
62 :), she was married to him; SfB« K^P* (Yeba. 63.), 
thy mother became better ; Tib tt^tfspfc*, it was asked, in- 
quired (about something doubtful, problematical) from 
them, instead of irPJPSlntf. 

In the bp of the tf "b TiD, however, this in is replaced by 
Yod (■>) which is connected with the radical a. Mg., 
wn (Chag. 6.) for rnn, she was; anpso 1*30 (B. Bath. 
79 :) for njo, the ship went ; &W8 i*n$ (Kethu. 67 :), 
his sister came, for Mn^. The same occurs sometimes 



THE VERBS. 89 

also in the' other forms, e.g., '•Hrra (Keth. 68 :), she 
protested ; anbft ^aba^tf (Pessa. 31.), thing was discovered, 
exposed. 

§68. 
8}., the Chald. termination of the first pers. plur. is 
changed into !}-, e.g., XV^-. (Berach. 12.), we have said; 
jnstttf or )r\sm (ib. 10.), we have found. 

§69. # 
The termination 1 of the third person plur. takes in 
the T. its place between the second and the third radi- 
cals, e.g. , *nn: (Berach. 56.), they fell down, instead of 
™p ; nio$ (ib. 56 :), they have bound, forbidden, for 
»no« ; Ta% (Pess. 2 :), they have done, for Tin?; lira (ib. 
16.), they have resolved; P^S3 (Ned. 59), they went 
out; bin (B. Kam. 94:), they have robbed; PWjjj 
(Chag. 13.), they have diminished themselves, for 
wfflwaiis ; yipn (Pess. 30.), they have established, for 
to^n; n^nttSi (Berach. 9.), they have intoxicated them- 
selves, for rOBtJS ; bw (Yeba. 96 :), they went, for *£ 
This rule, however, is not applied with verbs of quies- 
cent b. Sometimes it occurs with the imperative, e.g., 
K^n nb *an *w&& (Gittin 34.), courage ! give him to 
her, i.e., forwards ! go on, give him to her !* 

§70. 
The partici. act. and passive are united with the 
pers. pronouns, which then are considered as suffixes 
of the former, e.g., K!p3?i I cr y> **??^?> I g^ ve (Bera. 
5 :) for KJtf ^a, Kpq nrr> ; ehbk (ib. 2 :), thou say- 
est, for m Tga; jmiMj, we say, for ^ r7»»; wntt^j 
you say; KJ^E? (Keth. 104.), I say, for pPi» JTnjiJp, 

* S. i"iB"l to the s. 



90 THE VEBBS. 

ajx n^^i? ; Vrtj^Tj WJfiij (Bera. 56.), you are saying 
that you are wise; VMpJpD, inrra^ptt (Neda. 25.); 
r»Kjaj (Keth. 43 :) for p$ »;nj, thou collectest pay- 
ment ; ^ rja©i"fla (Keth. 61:), doest thou marry me ? 
for "4 F\» anorra. Examples of the pass, partici. 
KJT'T&n (Bera. 5 :), I am suspected ; *Av$f (Keth. 109 :), 
I am disabled ; irpP?, we are engaged, we have to do 
it with ... we are occupied ... with .. . tt"7p?tt (Bera. 
10.) ; ro^ra (ib. 11.), thou art held, indebted, guilty 
for ftfi "ip&'a, fitf ywm ; vrani (Naz. 19.), ye are in 
need. From ^n and J^XJ is formed regularly SW^pi, ipin. 
By reason of its very frequent use the latter is abbre- 
viated to 13 n. 

§71. 

The infinitive of the bp takes, like in the Chal., the pre- 
formative fc, e.g., nroab (Berach. 9.), to write; "tarfab, 
to do ; wnob, to say. In the other forms the infin. ends 
in *>-i, e.g., yfopx) (Pessa. 4.), to neglect, for the Chald. 
«Kjaritj«b; ^niatg (ib. 2.), to praise, for xmw ; itftHab 
(Berach. 9.), ^pisxb (ib. 4 :), to exclude ; win* (Pess. 
68.), to revive ; the last is the b^an form of *on ; ■vvtea 
(ib. np^^ 1^), to heal, b?5 from kd«. 

The infinitive of bp in ss and h 'b is found also end- 
ing in », as K'Wttb, to say ; rcjPW?^ to give (s. § 81). 

§72. 
The future, third pers. masc. sing, and plur. is often 
prefixed by b (s. B. Ch. § 109), and conveys the sense 
of either the imper., optative, or subjunctive, e.g., WQ% 
let him say; T^b (Berach. 5.), let him examine into 
. . search into . . ; "flrfti it (the Mishnah) ought to read, 
or use the expression of . . ; HiPD^ he should write, it 



THE VERBS. 91 

should stand; inwb^ (ib. 10.), that they die; W*b> 
he may bring; ptrpb abn (ib. 6.), that he may not hurt 
himself. 

§73. 
Instead of the b often the 5 (like in the Syriac) with 
the same signification is prefixed to the above future, 
€ -9~> s "3i? 8 ? n 3 (Berach. 11.), the Scripture verse ought, 
should say; tvmA< »"*!?«?? (Pess. 13.), let him take it 
for himself; wnpoaj inTO-ypa (ib. 18.), he should mix 
them together (i.e., unite them) and write them down; 
a**?}? T?W »b^ (B. M. 65.), that his slave should not 
become lazy (B. K. 90. T?nob), bysna of Vtyo* to rot, ac- 
cording to *1D\ 

§ ? 4 - 

Iii bysna and b?snx the n is mostly omitted. Ex- 
amples : ■tobsra for f^bsna, they split themselves, £&, 
they are of different opinion ; ]3fi3' v o (Berach. 10.), they 
are written ; W^xb, to keep from some thing, to 
abstain ; MJTCB (Pessach. 5.), it is stolen ; bttajpa (ib. 28.), 
he is killed ; ^Stt, K;$5iB, he, she is sought for, required. 
So also ^fc^tf (Keth. 63.), cover thyself, fern, imper. in 
bysna. 

In verbs with n as the first radical, the n of brsns 
is preserved, while the ri radicis is left out and compen- 
sated by W7 forte, e.g.?se$ (Kidd. 67.). S. § 91. 

§75. 

The geminate verbs D^biasn mft are conjugated 

partly after the manner of the V quiescent, and partly 

like the b quiescent. E.g., bp ? root bby ; to enter, nib^j 

(Berach. 9 :), thou enterest, like M^jg, i.e., n» D"^ 

* Heb. mo. 



92 THE VERBS. 

from Dip (s. B. Ch. § 78.) ; b^fc (Pess. 6.), introducing, 
act. partic. in b^s (s. B. Ch. § 80). So also from ab 
(root T3i?b), to curse, tr:b «^j aon abri (Pess. 2 :) ; from 5]3 
(root C|B3), to bend, compel, Cp?3 (Chagg. 16.). Like b 
quiescent are the words H^tjb^ (Berach. 7.), I shall 
curse him ; pbra (ib. 6 :), (persons) desecrating, from 
bbn as if from »bn ; in the brs, ^bn. 

§76. 

Verbs of sb are inflected like those of '^s in such in- 
flections as do not begin with 8 (s. B. Ch. § 73), e.g., 
toi?, he will say ; wirn (Bera. 8.), that ye prolong (s. 
§8H. 

§77. 

The verbs »r«, bT$, to come, to go, omit the tf in the 
imp. as an (Berach. 2 :), b'rr with Yod. 

The word bn is of the form b^s from bT, root bbT, to 
be disagreeable, despisable, e.g., KrfcTO ''n sb^n (Pessa. 
113.*), the thing is despisable to me. 

§78. 

The same verb a*?$ omits sometimes in the b^BK the 
Yod (">), which is a substitute of the first tf radical, 
e.g., ^"iritfb (Chagg. 2.), to let enter, come into, i.e., to 
include, for ^irracb. 

§79. 

The imper. in the bp of taa, to say, is formed like 
the future of the same verb, by apocope, as aws 
(Keth. 8 :), do say. There occurs, however, also "WWR 
(Chag. 3 ; Pessa. 9, 20.), which likewise seems to be the 
imper. similar to SpBTO** (Pessa. 21.), subvert it, though, 

* This phrase is found in B. Bathra 110, and not at the place related to. 
** "^EiSt may just as well be the future as in B. Mez., 9., 4., jox ^S^X. A. 









THE VERBS. 93 

according to the rule, the *i ought to be preceded by 
nra (s. B. Ch. §§ 6, 9.). However this may be, "raa 
appears to be irregular, even if taken as the future first 
person. 

§ 80. 
In verbs of ^B, the Yod, in the form of bss«, is 
changed like in the Hebr. and Chal. into 1, e.g., mpia 
(B. M. 59.), ye shall honor; frania, he seated him; 
*>b rnp'iE (Berach. 48.), thou honorest me. 

§ 81. 
The verb ^^ to give (s. B. Ch. § 106) is in the 
infin. and future generally changed into 30?, as a com- 
pound of nrr and fn?, e.g., *rt anppb (Keth. 106 ; B. K. 
95; B. B. 124.), to give him; nws (Pess. 12.; Keth. 
52 :), he shall give. It may properly be observed 
here, that these words as inflections from the above 
word am should not be mistaken for words formed 
from the radix am, to seat, to tarry, e.g., amttb (Kidd. 
7.J), to remain; l^mn tfb (Erubin 54.), do not sit down. 
There is, however, found also a^tf ^m^b (Berach. 9 :), 
to give wages; am arra (Choi. 60.) from am, and 
mnaa ^fb jtwcb (B. B. 13 :), to give thee as a present 
from ins. 

§ 82. 
Verbs with X as the second radical change this X 
into Yod in all conjugations characterized by Dagesh 
forte, e.g., 87*; iota ^W (Pess, 9 :), leaves a rest. There 
occurs likewise in the ^ans, b^ma (Kethu. 77 :),= 
Iryia© b3? b«B?, as if from bi»; and in the b?B», ^bim'tfb 
(ib. 105 :) as if from bto^ (s. § 85.), to lend (like in the 
Hebr. ^»ton) ; ibtrta, lend me. 



94: THE VERBS. 

§ 83. 
Verbs of ii> change the (i) into Yod in the act. 
partici. of the bp ? e.g., FTO, dying, one that is dying ; 
*t\v& (Yebam. 63. :), binding in. The same change 
takes place in the taps, e.g., WJjp (ib. 64 :). 

§ 84 - 
Of verbs in fa and geminate (D^Bari) sometimes 
the active partici. is employed instead of the passive, 
in order to make the expression more forcible and 
sonorous, e.g., )) **T?!?, it stands settled, established for 
us, instead of ]b s^p like rt^aa ^ D^p. So also 'JW'W 
«lT7 t l TO instead of tfp% the pass, partic. of pp 1 ?, " the 
Mishnah also is exact, precise in the manner of expres- 
sion."* So also tp?b (dial. 11.), joined together, con- 
nected, from 5|Sb ; £p^ (Sanh. 88.), bent, down-cast, 
from gtitt; Sp33 (Keth. 103 :). bent, subdued. 

§85. 
Verbs of '9 W are in the by&tf sometimes conjugated 
like those of i'S TO; 6?.^., oyitf for D^pa; hence, ft^jpia 
(Berachoth. 5:); K^ipta (Pess. 11.). So also nwm, 
replying, objecting, for adrift. So also anirPtf, radix, 
ain takes in the b^sn&? ? the 1 proper to the h '£ TO in the 
bym (§ 80), though there exists no instance thereof for 
the ifi "TiD in the tosna.** 

* Properly : to separate in elements, like the Hebr. pp*~>, to make thin, to 
bruise, figurat. to make clear, conceivable. 

** According to other grammarians the word aniflix is of the form 
b?snx, a form which our author constantly declares to be inadmissible. (S. 
B. Ch. gra. §§. 46, 85.) 



THE VEEBS. 



95 



§ 86. 
Verbs of the quiescent and imperfect roots * take 
in the forms bysna and b?sntf for the most part a Yod 
between the first and second letter of the word. This 
Yod refers probably to the t?:n in the ti, and seems to 
be characteristic to this sort of verbs, e.g., pfPHb (s. §§ 
74, 72). 

§87. 

Verbs of b quiescent, otherwise following, as far as 
consistent with the peculiarities of the Talmudical con- 
jugations, the principles of the Chaldaic language, 
are found in the infinitive bp ending with Yod ; e.g., 
^M, to ask, to pray ; ^tra, to see, and sometimes in tf 
(like in the Syriac) ; e.g., anata (Keth. 43 :), to collect 
payment, the imper. fern, ends (like in the Syriac in 
^— ; e.g., Wii, do take payment, do collect ; ^i?s? W\n 
Wr *afe wy% 1\) WWtt Win (Pess. 68 :), rejoice, my 
soul, rejoice, my soul ! for thee I have read (the holy 
Scriptures), for thee I have repeated, learned (the 
Mishnah by heart); wyv (Keth. 61:), throw away; 
WO$W (ib. 63 0, cover thyself ! 






§ 88 - 
The partici. pass, in the b^S of the b ^H2 is like in 
form to its partici. active, e.g., i|$B (Keth. 62 :), esti- 
mated, worthy, virtuous, corresponding to the rabbini- 
cal ii§3fla and the Syriac ^biwa. The emphaticus and fern, 
absol. is a?b?ia (Berach. 4.). 

§ 89. 
Participles in the plur. take very often the termina- 

* As to"»blB3 and 5S, 



96 THE VERBS. 

tion of the verb, and not that of the noun, e.g., ttb i^ai 
^ata (Berach. 2 :), and they were interrogating, they 
put a question; iftb i"i£ (ib. 3 :), they are calling them; 
iba^ (ib. 6.), which are rotten; ibso (ib. 8.), they are 
praying; 13 J^ (ib. 9.), they are lying; ib?B abn (ib. 10.), 
they who are not accomplished; iacaua (Pessa. 18.), 
they are defiling; ^ps^n (ib. 22;), they are excluding, 
bringing forth; WTQJfob nittf (ib. 29.), they are going 
(follow) according to their own principles; inwa (ib. 
30 :), they protract; intil * *ibjpn& (Chagg. 11 :), they are 
discussing ; inb l'Tiia, they are confessing, yielding, con- 
senting to them, for, "pSS, f'Tg, 'pba, 'pi*?, 1?3fc rl??, 
T^rtara, TpfiB, l^r», l 1 ?^©^, ■pTOi pbjpf, ^itt. So also 
in the partici. pass. iTtf kjj «nra (Pessa. 29.), they are 
untied, allowed, for )^W. 

§90. 
The pass, particip. (b^s) is often used with the 
dative ife ib, etc., which, last, is taken as the ablative 
and the verb, as being in the active voice, e.g., $to© tfb 
*inb (Berach 2 :, 9.), it was not heard by or from them, 
i.e., they have not heard it; "jb ipM (ib. 5 :), it is heard 
by or from us, i.e., we have heard; inb wJOD (ib. 4.), 
it is considered by them, i.e., they hold it, they are of 
opinion; ^b ipi v^b (B. B. 73., Sanh. 67:), it was 
seen by, from me, i.e., I have seen it myself. Some- 
times *b and 1\), etc., stand as mere pleonasms, e.g., 
tt^b b^ Kg Silvia (Shebuoth 6 :), this man is con- 
sumed in his woods, i.e., he is ignorant of the things 
going on in the world, as if secluded in the woods. 

* Syriac : ana . to tear, Gr. reipeiv, to rub, pull, figurat. to discuss. 



THE VERRS. 97 

§91. 
The passive partici. is often followed by % 1\), etc., in 
the proper sense of the dative, e.g., irt *92n (Berach. 5.) 
(equivalent to TPantt, § 74), it is requisite, necessary to 
him, i.e., he needs, must; rrt ftiatttj ab^r cr«n* (Kidd. 
67 :) (equivalent to *\?*?ra, § 74), because it was not 
possible for him to mention it expressly, without omit- 
ting the usual laconism (s. ^"lin) y*b "Yinis Kg ab ? it is 
not habitable to (for) me, I cannot live there. 

* In the edition before me (Vienna, 1862) there is fib instead of rn^>, 
as quoted above, « 






CHAPTEE VII. 



VERBAL SUFFIXES. 



§ 92- 
The Talmudical verbal suffixes differ in so far from 
the respective Chaldaie paradigms (B. Cha. Gr. § 110), 
as in the Talmud, dialect the Yod and the 8 of Wtp3 
and sp*™ are dropped, e.g., 15 W (Nedar. 62.), he robbed 
(from) me; ]?7 (ib. 50 :), had indicted me ; llTOE (Chagg. 
5 :), hadst detained me ; "pagT^ (Erub. 5 :), they made 
me old. In the imperative : Ip^fi (Gittin 47.), redeem 
me ; and in the future : ftHnn ab (Nedar. 50 :), do not 
make me laugh. 

§93. 
The suffix of the third pers. plur. — which in the 
Bibl. Ch. is missing, and in the Syriac expressed by the 
separate pronoun, pa^ — is formed by tf"»p— , e.g. ^■nnritf 
(Chagg. 5 :), he turned them away (from them) ; 
Bnynaftwb (Bera. 8 :), to accomplish them ; Wn?^a 
(Yebam. 79.), he appeased them; waro?} ^!W? 
(§ 73). The fern, form must be Vp-, like that with 
the noun, but is seldom in use. Compound with this 
fern, suffix is probably the so very frequently occurring 
word 'lniWi, which signifies as much as T^ TO'il, i.e., 
throw,* put them one opposite the other, i.e., bring the 
two statements (imper.) one opposite the other. 

* Abjice. L. 



VEEBAL SUFFIXES. 99 

§ 94. 

The in as a termination of the first pers. and the 
third pers. fern, in the preterite being usually omitted 
(s. § 67.) is replaced before a suffix, e.g., fttma* (Keth. 
63:), I have said it, from nn^K ; ftWjtn (Synh. 98.), 
she has seen him, from tvjfli for fiTfi, and not from wn 
or *tt3K. 

§ 95 - 

The suffix of the third pers. sing. masc. with a verb 
in the third pers. plur. is found partly in the form of 
*irn— e.g., tlM *irnp5tf (Chagg. 15.), they brought him 
out and beat him ; and, partly, in Fft— e.g., •TOtppl tt^pss 
(ib. 5 :), they brought him out and killed him ; fiTntpa 
(Pess. 10 :), they troubled him, they molested him. 

§ 96 - 
In verbs of tf"b the tf is changed into Yod when pre- 
ceding such suffixes as do not begin with Nun (5), e.g., 
ft^pi (Berach. 5:), he saw him; KPffii (Yebam. 63.), 
he saw her; ft^to (ib. id.), thou wilt throw him, 
«NffljH (Keth. 103 :), they brought him ; t^tm (ib. 17.) 
thy coming. But not so in ^?tn (Yebam. 63.), he 
saw them ; Wifljob (Bera. 6.), to see them, where the 
suffix begins in 3. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

ADVERBS. 






§97. 

The following are adverbs, or adverbial expressions, 
alphabetically arranged : 

tfffrns n^s (Berach. 2. ), on his way, i.e., by the way, 
occasionally (obiter, en passant). The suffix changes 
according to person, e.g., "WTOS a^ (Keth. 105:), 
Sprns nStf (Synhed. 95 :). 

^n^x for 'on 1^ meanwhile, while this hapj^ened, 
"oni wn8 (Berach. 5 :), corresponds to the Hebr. 
nb njn, nb ■t? (Kings I. xviii. 45), while this and 
that happened. 

V&T}& (Shabb. 25., Moed Katan 17.), contrary, much 
more ; possibly proceeding from $5>T} by, about 
something, that is more, i.e., the more there is rea- 
son to object. 

*n:n« (Gritt. 59., Chull. 60., Shebuo. 10.), in truth, 
forsooth ; equivalent to D^a (B. Ch. Gr. § 123). 

TS, now ; T8 ^ *^8 (Keth. 69.), tell me now ; 
possibly the imper. of bl&, bTB (Ezra v. 15), apo- 
copated, properly : go ! forwards ! expressing, en- 
couragement, and corresponds to, go on !* 

* This is a suggestion by Mr. Ehrenreich of Brody ; other definitions s. 
■pVs "pS and nan D"0 T. VIII. A. 

I think it to be like the Hebr. fcOBtf . (Proverbs &05X ",=> DS, in the sense 
of t7ie?i, Tiort used in a lively mood of speech. D312J1 (Genes, xxvii. 34) takes 
if* to be like n^X which is a compound of "i» = ubi and its correlat. 
K1S = n"3 ibi, iroioc ; where there ! 






ADVEEBS. • 101 

tf?^ (from H3 n^«, here is), there is, are (s. infra fi*8 
and tf^b). This adverb is found followed by an 
unnecessary b, as TBaH )$nb k?^« (Gitt. 50.), there 
is some one who is of the opinion ; analogous to the 
rabbinical njb toj (Shabb. 34.), this here, is yet . . . 

rwtt (Byrach. 2.), when? from the Hebr. irnj. It 
rea Is in the Targum Chal., and ]3robably also in the 
Mishnah as a Hebraism (s. "ft an* p. 97, 98), ^rna^ 
and in the Syriac ^ra^s, with the Yod silent, bs 
twist (Chagg. 3.), every time, as often as. 

■*•* (Shabb/l24 :), is it really so? can that be? (from 
son i^). 

tVtt (Chald. w», Hebr. «r?), it is; with sufE. rtw«, 
nrnai warn* from ^riari^« (Sheb. 14 :) ; an^ dx 
(Pessa. 10:), if it be.* 

^nss (ib. 7 :), yet, yet now, corresponding to the Chald. 
1?? "? ; possibly, the tf substituting the word T? and 
■vo, a contr. of tt$3, rw (B. Ch. § 120), which would 
make the reading of the word, ifl©§.** 

Was (Berach. 5:), wherefore? why? upon what ac- 
count ? from ^tt bsr. 

inspna (Chul. 2.) (from *n3> ^a, in (the case), when 
one has already done it, in reference to an act that 
has been already accomplished, but not as to its 
going to be accomplished, which in opposition to the 
first is expressed by the rabbinical ttbnrpb. 

tftq ''TO (Sabb. 92:, 93., Chagg. 11 :), with one an- 
other. S. '''tn under the prepos. and ^"jr; infra. 

Kjira (Pessa. 27.), srnnb (Tamid. 32.), for itself, sep- 
arately, especially (from Wcog, a, ov, proprius, 

* rPN is the substitute of the verbi substantivi and the correlat. of "px. 



*# 



As generally read by German Talmudists. 



102 ADVERBS. 

privatus, hence, ISic/reg, rabbin. tti^O? a private 
man). 

^3 ^pa (Nazir 6 :), what there is between, in the 
midst. Hence, W T^? (B. K. 84.), the difference 
between two quantities. 

xntyz, plainly, merely, only, e.g., an a^byn »yij (Pess. 
24:), it is merely, only sweat.* 

atinna (Bera. 2.), at the beginning, at first. 

aribira, in peace ; signifies : is agreed to, namely, this 
one statement ; but not the other, a^bm fr^a ^ 
for FVTQij ^a HttbiBS, this is right, in case thou sayst 
so, but not otherwise, i.e., according to the other 
opinion the statement is wrong. 

fa, iwa, is a noun, expressing : the inner part, hence, 
W|ti (Tamid 29 :), inwards, within. 

W, properly, that when; £0., in case when. $$?} 
n^wi -in? ^7 (Yebam. 78 :) ; " perhaps there is the 
question of a case, such as when he has transgressed 
the law, and has taken as a wife ; " anp WD ab is'j 
(ib.), for "when," i.e., for such exceptional cases, 
there was written no Biblical law, (s. "D^n). 
See also B. Mez. 66 :. 

*&H (Berach. 2:) (fr. a*b *j Bib. Ch. § 123), per- 
haps. 

an (B. Ch. § 124, Hebr. an), behold! lo ! ain$ an 
ago*} arn (Kidd. (70 :), here the man and there the 
quotation— and yet, yet, a^a an (Megill. 22.), yet, 
there is ! Tfflj an, niaan and ^ani, yet, and yet, he 
said ! — already, e.g., fpli anbn an (Neda. 81.), 
three days, three days since. 

apTan (fr. tKffV, ^ri) y at present, at this time. 

* Used in the same way as universe, universally, generally. 



ADVEKBS. 103 

"•Tin (Syriac h 7jn,* perhaps from "ini ^Jfi, properly the 
one and the other), is used only in connection with 
a preposition; ^"nnb (Berach. 6.), one to another, 
one another; ^"ina (ib. 7.), one against another; 
^!™ h $?]? I'W)?,** the Scriptural verses, are hard 
(afford difficulties) one against another; i.e., they 
contradict one another. h "n™, from one another ; 
^n ^na, with one another, together (Meg. 7 :); 
^"jri lis (ib. 11.), near one another; ^in h 3 (Pessa. 
3 :), like one another, the one like the other. 

Tffi (Berach. 2.), afterwards, from the verb "Yin, to do 
again some thing. See *if». 

ao^n, where here? where there? from »n and 83 ana- 
logous to the Hebr. npK, rt^a ; *ovna,f wherefrom 
there ? wn ac^no, wherefrom shall it come ? where- 
from shall that be deduced ? how can that be sup- 
posed ? fco^n b3, everywhere. 

W, how? corresponds to the Hebr. Spa? J ro^*; — 
^n *>3, in the same manner, in a like way, as much 
as, in a manner that, in order to (Berach. 10.). 

tf?n (Berach. 4 :), here, from the Chal. »3. 

■pn, so — wb, hence, therefore. 

anttn (from «rttte »n, Syr. ai?n from n?ia an), now, at 
present, expressing also astonishment law niijb a nitfn ! 
y?3 njn «b (Berach. 3 :), how ! Moses did not know 
it (and David did ? !). 

* "nfi? biO (Job iii. 6) seems to be from the Syriac *nn : to unite, being 
together, and the Daghesh forte being the compensation for the missing i. 

** The original of this quotation reads iran and not iiBp (s. § 98). 

f In the Hebr. , however, the prepos. is connected with the second syllable, 
i"fia ^X, unlike the Talm. 6i3Tra. 

| The d being the compar. element, so also in jO">in ^3. 



104 ADVERBS. 

Dnn, there (ibi.) (Clial. F,ttJ?, Hebr. d»). S. fat?.* 

W'l (ib. 2 :), certainly, surely (from STP, nil, *«fTi, 
likewise : confess, supposing to be so). 

snrj (ib. 6.), manifoldly (Hebr. n^n, Yonah iv. 4; 
fr. bien) a good deal. 

^sri (Pess, 12.), more, pass, particip. of the verb k&b, to 
add (B. M. 83.). 

TO (in the Targu "JTO), now, at present ; twi toi 
(Ned. 21 :), and now thou repentest, or, art thou yet 
of the same opinion ? the words tfe$ tjsb is are miss, 
ing (s. Mard'chai Shebuoth, Cap. I., § 1114 and 
Semag T^ 240). 

TO from K-^n^, as it is ; ft??? TO (Rosh Hash. 5., B, 
M. 27:, Chul. 22., Kiddush. 5 :, Sotah 19:, Zebach. 
93., Menach. 93.), " he took it as it is, ?'.<?., properly 
it was not* necessary to mention this special quality 
of the subject, but having under discussion its differ- 
ent properties, he quotes all of them as many as 
there are." From its proper meaning: "as it is," 
this word became the expression for, a trifle, insigni- 
ficance, littleness, as in the'Rabb. Hebrew: aMffifema 
! )»T© , a, whatever it may be, in the sense of : of what- 
ever quantity it may be, even of the least quantity, 
ever so little. So ^8 fyw »b tot ^a bs (Sam 
hed. 29 :), people usually do not keep in memory 
things of little importance, of no importance to 
them. 13Trraa *^ ^a arn *2 W'ntja (B. K. 90 :), 
" We do not molest the court with trivial affairs." 
TOn JT»T1T DWS? ^ ab (Kethu. 36 :), no man throws 
away his money for trifles. ftl-nw &) TO3 (Ned. 
22.), TOn rvjpz (ib. 29.). In Megil. 2 :, Yebamoth 

* Dnn, ubi, being the correlative of atsn, ibi. 






ADVERBS. 105 

90., Chul. 73. and 81 :. *}? tib ^wri «nn ten* and 
in Nazir 2. : n? SEWS 1 ? ann to$ it signifies : Some 
said that (statement) in ann's name, and others, 
simply as it is (STno), as it reads, without giving 
any name as authority. 

^sn "to (all this), so much, so very, to such a degree. 

*3 (Berach. 6 :), when, as ; h 3E (ib. 2 :), since, as soon 
as. 

wni bs (in the Rabb. Hebr. 8im»-b?), of whatever, of 
the least quantity. 

•U33-53, so much (time), as long time as ; .... rras bs 
"7, in as much as . . . 

bbs. With a preceding negative it denotes, of any kind 
whatever, bb3 mb inn ab^ (Berach. 5 :), that he had 
nothing of the kind, 

rras, Yoma 22 : (s. also Dan. iii. 33.), how much ! how 
many ! (B. M. 86.) 

ab, not. If not followed directly by a verb, usually i»V 
is used. 8Sj, and not, implies the sense of more than, 
as sr^pn abi ttrnnrja (Yebam. 63 :), the wife is pun- 
ished when the husband marries another one besides 
her, more than by rods (thorns), Kr?Ma ab, it is 
beyond question, needs scarcely to be said, there is 
no doubt about; nmg tKgTti Kb (Keth. 87 : a. o. p.) 
signifies : the Mishnah or the Baraitha in speaking 
of A and not of B does not intend to exclude B ; 
it speaks only in the sense of »J2?a , na Kb, i.e., it is 
quite unnecessary to mention B, it is sufficient to 
mention A, being clear that its determinations may 
be applied even more properly to B. 

**b * (Shabb. 64., 131., Pess. 54., B. K. 25 :). Rashi 

* An affirm, particle, probably, from the G-reek vat, as vat pa At, i<ft, a 



106 ADVERBS. 

translates this word fw?»a, yes, certainly, in fact, 
truly. It seems to be a contr. from sn «b, is that 
not so ? is that not true ?* 

linb (Bera. 2 :, so also Chald. ; Syr. ^rib), alone, sep- 
arately, by itself, corresponding to the Hebr. "Ob, 
and probably derived from nnb ? i.e., making one by 
itself. With suffix *#$&, I by myself ; tpjirib, thou 
alone by thyself ; also connected with a, as tpinbs. 

fcte^b (from S3 trbj here is not), there is not, it is not 
here, there is no such a thing. 

rpb (from rrfc »b), it is not. With sufE ftwb, fori*, 
inarrt, fern, ^rcn^b (Sheb. 14 :). 

vra, how is it ? how is the law ? is it allowed, or is it 
not \ KWh ^™, what is it, thou woulclst say ? ?'.<?., 
that it should not be said ; in order that it could not 
be said. This expression, being comp. from ffia and 
fcttn, belongs to the Kabb. Hebr., and was introduced 
into the Talm. dialect. 

■fla** Lat. num., Germ. etwa. nTO *p fShabb. 93.), 
is there written ? IBS: To, did he then say ? This 
adverb is found inserted between as'W «b 7 f is there 
not ? E.g., Td£H r^}«fla Kf»$ ^ xb (Shabb. 68 :), the 
same as in Lat. "norme est? " 

*TV (for CTO, Syr. DTO, Chald. Drp?), some thing, Lat. 
aliquid, quid. Preceded by a negative it denotes, 
nothing. I «ptt iTJi »b (Sanhed. 94.), they saw noth- 

derivation apparently less exceptional than the definition by Aruch, who 
holds this word to be a compound from the Hebr. j<b an d the Greek vie, son ! 

* This etymology is by Rabbi David Vita Tedesco. A. 

** An interrog. particle used where a negative answer is expected, and has 
no corresponding term in English. 173 may adequately be translated by the 
Ger. etwa? and the L. "num,"as in num barbarorum Romulus rex fuit ? 
Cic. Rep. 1. 37. 

f And is used as an indirect interrog. ; if not ? whether not ? 



ADVERBS. 107 

ing. — •fcpfc kVi, nothing at all, not the least, as p^ntpa 
^jto abn fiib -flaa 8^ (Shabb. 95 :, Temura 34.), he 
was silent and said nothing to him ; "ftpta *&) &*'&'& *&, 
there is not the least difficulty ; K^ w$pa awn ^ptt * 
(Pessa. 17.), is there anything (else) as a reason for 
thy statement — if it be not. h T*? is also used as a 
substitute for its synonymous, the Rabb. fffcp, L. 
ecquid ? to express astonishment, as DWi D^ESp ^to 
?nr? tfp7 iaa (Keth. 105)., what? are foois and 
rascals to be judges ! 

*nsn ** how ? what ! annrri iraa^ b^n anna awnn ^Dia 
Kin anna (Gittin 55 :), how ! this man is also 
the enemy of this man ! i.e., thou art also mine 
enemy. See Bera. 9 : ; 10., 33. ; Pess. 23 : ; MegilL 
2.; Chagg. 4., 9., 11., 12:. Originally comp. from 
TTJ? h *^, what is that ? how is this ? 

^/Q"af (Chull. 11.), wherefrom? out of what? (and is 
used as an indirect interrog., if not? whether not?) 
is this demonstrated ? 

k^tse, by itself, from itself; possibly derived from 
n^BB, from the thing, i.e., in consequence of the 
thing itself, ex re.J 

* S. Rashi to th. s. 

** Probably from 1*13 (s. above) with the causal e, and is to be read 113a, 
as it is, in an emotional sense, expressing astonishment, since, seeing that, 
whereas. Sometimes in an ironical sense ; since, in fact, inasmuch as, corre- 
sponding to the L. quippe, quoniam, and the Roman author's explanation of 
the latter : " quoniam significat non solum, id, quod quia, sed etiam, id quod 
postquam" (Fest. p. 261), may fitly be applied to our 1*73:0. The author in 
his view was likely led by the traditional reading of the word "Ha 73, which, 
however, may be a corruption, as is the case with so many other words. 

f Of what premise, antecedent, source ? 

X This explanation is given by the late Jacob Pardo. A. (See Aruch, art. 

to. 



108 ADVERBS. 

tifta (B. K. 92.), wherefrom? (from fq and ft, Eabb. 
Hebr. TW)i ft ^rP and jSp}, whence to us? 
whence is shown to us, that . . . 'Enati for 
^n txaa in the phrase "^a 'Wjjto (Shabb, 24 :), whence 
these things? from what origin are these things 
derived ? 

fcnjwtt (Berach. 13.) from ng?, root, beginning. 

W-yq (ib. 6 :) from E'n, head, beginning, at the begin- 
ning, at first, in times of old, heretofore. 

'*?, ^Sjb (Berach, 18 : ; Sanh. 52.), soon, from the verb 
to, to turn around, circulate. 

*?? followed by 7, during, meanwhile ; ^p"] *t?, while he 
stands (Berach. 2.). Sometimes it denotes before, as 
lanjl "i? (ib. 6.), before they sat down.* 

b^ *b^ tob, atob (Shabb. 29.), above, on the height, 
over. 

•jap (from »«¥Jg, s. TOg infra prepos.), fBgb (Megill. 2.), 
what stands before us, relating to what follows, 
infra.** 

TOto (beautiful), well, all right, perfectly; "m«g ^bw 
wb (Berach. 2 :), he answered him perfectly. 

W tbib, it seems all right, there is nothing to say 
against. 

W (from aw; Rabb. Hebr. M0), again, anew, moreover, 
yet more, vn (Berach. 2.), moreover, further, be- 
sides. 

fi?W (abbrev. from HI215, like IpW from D^ptt), this may 
rest, let it be unshaken, suppose admitting (it in 

* Rashi loco citato explains, according to the first meaning, " not before 
they sat down," which is supported also by the nature of the contents. 

** KS3©, perhaps, used in the Mishnah, and expressing the same as JKEb'H 
in the Talmudic dialect. 



ADVERBS. 109 

this case, but how in the other ?) (Berach. 6.), The 

same as KttbM* — TOW, s. § 20. 
•pan (Chald. ffijig, Hebr. W»), there, *psn nna rrfcj *ir?$a 

nna ''in (Berach. 63.), where there is no man, there 

be a man. 
ann (from annp, Hebr. sinn), annb, below ... 7 ^nnp, 

underneath. There occurs in Nazir mnrta. 

* KEb'm relates mostly to the premise, antecedent, cause, while hjnp 
argues more in reference to the consequence. 






CHAPTER IX. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



§98. 
The following words are used as prepositions : 

n^tf (s. mn-na nix under the adverbs and ^5 infra), 
by virtue, over, for the sake ; iFlfW 2*8 (Yebani. 
25.), by virtue of his worthiness. 

*«», in regard, respect ; rat? no^j nit: D"P rnjs (Shabb. 
124.), we prohibit the performance of a certain 
handwork on a feastclay only in respect to the Sab- 
bath, as one may likely be led to perform the same 
also on this clay. This word is derived from -? 
ajyiD, by changing Kj^ita, " burden," into txm and b? 
T«, into ym, whence nt».* See infra bwftg. It 
expresses also astonishment, &gr., "fWi ^^ ^b ^ 
araxjj (B. K. 84.), what ! I do not know that I am 
well speaking ! 

raaa, see bwtt. 

^na, see ^n. 

7*3 (Kethu. 17.) and *W3 (Berach. 8.), between, among ; 
with suff. TO^ 5p3, etc. R. Yochanan said »JJ^ 
(Chagg. 15 :) instead of ipa. 

13, without . . . .. tt 1|, withal that, except. Hence, 
the adverb W?S, out-doors (Tarn. 27., Nazir. 17:), 

* This definition is by the worthy Rabbi Abram Lattes.** A. 
** Very farfetched. Why not from the Syr. fcsiaBS, by contr. likewise px, 
from P5X etc., and the \> apocopated? 



PREPOSITIONS. Ill 

lanST?, from outside, besides (Tarn. 29 :). So is said 
also "Obp. 

itta, after' (s. B. Ch. § 122). 

h aa (from 3$, back, the upper part of a body), ta^b 
(Sanh. 83.), with sufE. ^ssb, etc., ou, next, near by 
(like addosso in Ita.). So without b, e.g., ^Tin *%* 
(Megill. 11.), near one another, together; W2Hp;> *>rnb 
*&tt (Bera. 10.), let Isaiah come to me. n 33b signi- 
fies also, in comparison to: nizra 133b (ib. 33:), in 
comparison to Moses. 

fa (s. under adv.), to, i^b, within, to, from within, from 
the inside. 

fi}, awn} (color, appearance,) "jto, in the appearance, 
way, manner, kind of, for example. »3^3 ^an ^3 
(Chagg. 15 :), in this way, manner. 

KWl (resemblance) .... 7 arttTl (Chagg. 2.), like, 
likewise, example. 

•nn (union, joining, perhaps from in), used only with 
the prefix particles 2, b, e.g., K313 T?b awi yina (B. 
K. 92.), " the cabbage in company with the thorn 
shares its punishment" If) stab tfJErm ^©33 ■'"inn 
(Bera. 10.), " What hast thou to do with that, which 
belongs to God's mysteries ? " With sun 2 , ^"ifj? 
(Chagg. 4:), or m n *™ (Keth. 103:), "with me," 
T3TS?, etc.; ttfffi "nnb kuo i? (Yebam. 49:), "when 
she reached the mouth, she reached that which be- 
longs to the mouth." ^rob (Sheb. 6.) ; . . . n *ira, 
meanwhile, during; VM} bnapi ^rja (Keth. 105:), 
while he went and came. 

ni3, like, with suff. h »niis>, etc. It consists of the 
prefix particle 3 with the plural termination of 1 * 

* Sing, fern, noun, according- to I. Fuerst the 3 similitudinis is originally 



112 PREPOSITIONS. 

(rnsbtt), the same as the Chald. ihlb, being the prefix 
particle b with the same plur. termination. 

■»3 (Berach. 6.), like fan* ^ (Sanh. 94.), like our 
land, country. 

%b3 (from "^tfb with the 3 prosthetic), toward, to, in 
relation to. S^b i&bs, s. § 56.* 

D^b, according to ; corresponding to the Hebr. h Bb (B. 
M. 96 :). 

b^EE (burden, from bDD, to lift up, to remove). biEBtf 
(bwn bs>), by motive of . . because of . . WlAnfiffl^ 
(Keth. 67 :), because of him, on his, her, its account. 
Without suff. and apocopated, VMBM as ifj*l t Wt flaa* 
(Berach. 56.), on account of thy money ; "Wb TOES ** 
(Pess. 31., 32., Neda. 29; Nazir 25. and 29.) and 
Wi ibtsk (Tarn. 32.), on account of this, for that rea- 
son. This prepos. is similar to IBS (s. above), which 
originally denotes burden, compulsion, cause, motive, 
because. 

DWti (from DW, name), in the name of TittM? W trnma 
(Berach. 5 :), in the name of E. Shemon. Oftener 

of 12, and, as the nouns of the sing. fern, in i_ have also their plur. in n*l 
like those in !|. the declension of ni3 corresponds to the former and not to 
the latter termination (s. Bib. Ch. Gr. § 29\ the same may be said of nib. 

* L. quorsum ? = quoversus ? to what end, as in " quorsum igitur heac dis- 
pute " (Auct. or. at Qu's). Aruch, in quoting from Pess. 5, reads mbx, tail, 
instead of tfiib, which, however, is contrary to the text in the ed. before me. 

** IMS, 1M33S and bll3£ seem to be derived from the Syr. biliEX, partly by 
pos ope and partly by contr., and all in the sense of the verb bl?3, to lift up, 
to carry, involving the relation of the consequence to the cause as carrying 
the former ; hence, because, on account, etc. So also as a relat. conjunction, 
like the Hebr. 3, as in the Syr. in jma in ni31 btaa for n niza 13 (Ps. 

'I T ; T •• — . T i - • 

100.5.) 



PREPOSITIONS. 113 

in the sense of on the ground, basis, under designa- 
tion of, . . for the reason of . . Hence its use (by 
the Mishnah-Eabbis) to express title, basis.* 

!*?, »*■?, upon, over, with the suff. 'WnVq? (Neda. 65.), 
Sp3^? (Bera. 9.), tr^t (B. K. 117.), TPTib^ (Berach. 
10) with the addition of a 1, as in pVH» (B. Ch. 
§30). 

159JJ (for Wp>) before, in presence, *;tf» '"ttg (Berach. 
3 :), before God, with God ; ■jMTii Wj OTg (ib. 5.), 
in the presence of R. Y. — **£$% corresponding to the 
Hebr. ^Btt, before, because. In the last sense used 
also by the Samar. as 'Jpao ^ttpia (Carmina Samari- 
tana, p. 35), because of our enemies; incorrectly 
translated by Gesenius (ib. p. 89), a surgentibus 
osoribus nostris," as if from the verb Dip, to rise. 

^nin, ^ninn, under (Chull. 105 :). 

* DTiTia may properly be derived from the Hebr. ^W, to appreciate, esti- 
mate the value of anything, Ecol. 3. 17, and often in the Talmud as ■pppan 
■pBSJ, hence nana QllUa, in sense of, as a gift, considered, estimated as a 
gift. 



CHAPTER X. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

§ 9 ^' 

The following words are used as conjunctions : 
is (Hebr. and Chald.), or, as TO$ is "TO (B. B. 13.), 
draw thou, or I shall draw, i.e., either take thou the 
half price of our common property, or I shall ; 
snip's ^r^ n ?as sjs is sn^tt ''spa va "pns is 
(B. K. 59 :), " either you will ask a question from 
me, or I shall ask one from you." is is, L. aut — aut, 
either — or, ^fljj is is, i.e., the Mislmah does not re- 
quest both the things mentioned, only, either the 
one, or the other; sab" 1 "; is (Sanh. 71 :), or perhaps? 
"■S (from the Chald. fS, corresponding to the Hebr. 
DS), when. *on ^s (Shabb. 25.), if it be so, as it now 
is, whereas, if so . . . then ; s^n ^s or saws (Bera. 
5.), when, if thou wilt say, if one should say, or 
also* s^b^s (ib. 5:), if we would say, if suppos- 
ing, s^s HOT ^s or S"0">s n^S (Chull. 10:), 
when thou wilt I shall say, I can say, or so. There 
occurs sa^n D-OT^s (four times) in Nazir 32., and 
(two times) in Shebu. 16., which justifies the ques- 
tion, if stg^s be not in the impel*, so as to render 
s^s n-iOT^S, if thou wilt, then, say ! *Qpx (Sanh. 
94.), or also. The conjunc. ^s is often omitted like- 
wise in the Script, ds. See infra sn. 
TP?* (from Tj by), by, because, concerning, as being, 

* In an interrogative as also affirm, sense. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 115 

oytna ityirj ^J* (B. B. 14 :), because, or, in consid- 
eration of it (the book) being small, it would easily 
have been lost; «pn"i 1^8, having said (the one 
thing, he says also the other). It stands also as a 
prepos., e.g., nana iT*8 (Nazir 2.), as much as 'h* by 
nana. 
8b8 (a Babbin., Syr., Arab., and Greek word, possibly 
from T^, if, and Kb, not), if not, only, but; expressing 
in the Talmud the sense of, hence, consequently, after 
having entirely rejected an antecedent proposition, 
and means "this opinion being rejected, consequently 
the other one, the following, must be admitted." 
The following passage may be quoted as an instance 
for both interpretations: 8j?ra 8jbs "i^an "jsttb 8rr:n 

? Ta-'fcb 83i« 1813 8D11313 8pPD 8jbs 11381 1813b 8b8 803p 

- - S r - t t 't ; - t : - - r : 1 - : TV t t »; 

131 "Olrnfcb iya 8jrj it;*k 8b8 (Sanh. 3.), "this may be 
admissible on the ground held by the one, who says, 
that the payment of half damage is to be considered 
as a penalty ; but, on the ground held by the other, who 
says that the same is to be considered as a restitution 
of property, what is there that may be said against ? 
consequently (hence) (the preposition precedent! y 
assumed must be rejected, and it must be admitted 
that,) as it is intended by the Mishnah to show, etc. 
8i3b8 (Brach. 3 :), hence, accordingly, consequently. 
In some few passages it is expressing astonishment, 
as ]?n 8l3b8 (Shebu. 11.), and yet, it is said in the 
Mishnah! 8b 8l3b8 (Shebu. 13., 13 :), why not? In 
these cases 8i3b8 is synonymous with nab, why ? (Bashi 
Berach. 11.), and according to Jos. Karo compound 
from rva by, which occurs as such in Talm. Yeru- 
shalmi, 8^n rra by\ 



116 CONJUNCTIONS. 

fccbttbss or ^bftbri (a Rabbin. Hebr. word, corresponding 
to the Hebr. »6*), if it be not, if not. 8^-nri abttba 
^£ ^ a;*^ Kb aoj? i»n"7 (Megill. 3., Sanhed. 94:), 
if ifc be not for the interpretation of this verse, we 
would not know what it means. Sometimes it signi- 
fies simply if, as Tibs n;iT?l baflpfc rranb ftilJjj abttbz* 
aiob^b (Keth. 33 :), if they had castigated Chananyah, 
Mishael, and Asaryah, they would have worshipped 
the image. Rabbenu Tarn's opinion in regard to the 
different spelling of this word, viz., that with tf it 
means, if it be not, and with Yod simply, if, is objec- 
tionable. For, as the original, the Bibl. abib being used 
for both significations without varying in orthog- 
raphy, its Rabb. derivative must also express both 
significations without regard to its different spellings. 
And, indeed, both ibttba as well as abftba are found 
used for either of the two different meanings. 

^aa (a Rabb. word comp. from t|a, also, and *lba, 
when, etiamsi), also when, even if; "pc snnani '©•n ^sa 
irb TBpitt ajEE, " even the surveyor of the fountains is 
appointed from Heaven." T?n ^bs, even so, yet, 
nevertheless ; att^n ib^BHj, even if thou sayst, i.e., the 
statement may be maintained even at the supposition 
that .... 

*j a a by cjx (Berach. 7 :), although, even when. 

afil (ib. 3 :), as, because.* 

attb-n, that not (s. B. Chald. § 123). 

«n, thus ; Krp* i« W1 (B. M. 86 :), thus, if it be . . . 
After this an, i"a is mostly omitted ; an^a »n (ibid.) ; 

* This word is composed from the conjunct, partic. *i of *h, and the 
demonstr. pron. an, and may be rendered by, that that. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 11 V 

Wj lab an, thus, if it is, or be not so. So also in 
the Mislmah, nail b? an (B. M. 83.) for »: na an 
nan. 

SRbin (perhaps from an, behold! (§ 97) and *F?b, Rab- 
bin, for that), therefore, accordingly. 

IIP? (a Hebraism of a later period) . . . . *} )W, as 
soon as, after. 

^frbab (from "ina bv, similar to the Ger. " auf der 
S telle," and the Fr. " sur le champ ") [and the Engl. 
" upon the spot "], immediately, forthwith. 

iuip, in case, since, supposing that . . . "raa iJJO ^a 1 "! ns'a 
w^n TTti (Kerath. 12.), "in case he would, he could 
say : I have done it on consideration." It corresp. 
to the Rabbin. Sp'rna, as *tt being the Chald. of the 
Hebr. sfin* 

*rpna (Berach. 10.), wrna (Pessa. 9 :), WB (Tebam. 63.), 
yet, however, nevertheless. 

bbsft (Berach. 25 :), from all that (that was said), fol- 
lows. It is a Rabb. Hebraism. 

. . 7 ^"a (s. **£]? under the prepos.), before that (he 
said, etc.). 

TO (Berach. 4:), also, even; TO ^n or TO ^n -pa 
(Chagg. 11.), yes, so also it is ; TO asn (Berach. 
8 :), here also, i.e., even so in our case. It often is 
preceded by the word C|a, e.g., TO sn*OT !qa (Berach. 
4:), from the last instance is to be seen that origin- 
ally TO had not the meaning of, also, but that it was 
a verb, which afterwards became a peculiar ex- 
pression for, also, really, indeed. Supposed this to 
be so, TO may be a derivative, according to D. Tedesco, 

* S. t. s. under prepos. 



118 CONJUNCTIONS. 

from a 1 ??,* " we will say," or, according to M. Ehren- 
reich, from 'pfc^, " we would believe," or, lastly, ac- 
cording to my suggestion, from ^3, " we could 
swear on that." 

* Already in Aruch. 



CHAPTER XI. 

INTERJECTIONS. 

§100. 
The following words are used as interjections: 

TOTfjDl wns, wy?i» (Erub. 17.), by the Law, prophets 
and Hagiographa ! a manner of swearing. 

ID^, alas ! behold! O ! an interjection of a wide use. 
anbtt »n *ob "niaq »b ■»:£« ©ik (Shabb. 152:, Yebani. 
46., B. M. 73 :), Lo ! if I had been dead I could not 
have told you this thing ; *tmn& airo «in *>b nnij W» 
(Yebamoth 65 :), look, thou wouldst have borne 
unto me yet another pair of children.* arnon w» 
•nab ■proso i*n« ab (Bera. 25 :), now see ! had I not 
come, you would have brought my son into danger ; 
}b *TBtf|£ ^bntO'TC xrwn sd^ (Bezah 4 :), now ! I had 
been amiss, and would have told you; arnr>n sd*» 
anrin lam irawtt (Chagg, 5 :), Oh ! thou wouldst 
have deprived me of this benediction ! SMn *di» 
nnn ijab sryioia ^inb wso (Chull. 95 :), Now see ! you 
would have fed my daughter's sons with prohibited 
food ! 13 n^tf »bi ^b ^on i^^n jtwbs bss ke^t w* 
^nb-a an (Sanh. 107.), O ! that there were a bridle 
put in the mouth of mine enemy (i.e., pr. euphem- 
ism, in my mouth), so that he could not have uttered 
a word such as that ! " ** 

* In sense of wishing ; so also i"ttn t. t. s. 

** The author here continues in deriving "Dij^ from ^iajfc, to eat. I think this 



120 INTERJECTIONS. 

tontB?} »nb», God Israel's ! by God ! Instead of this 
R. Yochanan used to say somewhat quaintly, nbsb 
btnw^i (Yomah 84 : ; Abo. zar. 28.). 

"toTri nsDi (Pess. 87 :), expressing a manner of swearing 
put in the mouth of a Roman; probably from the 
Hebr. word Zfi (Pro v. 9. 3.), an elevated place, as it 
is also found in a discussion held entirely in the 
Hebr. language (Men. 44.), ^i"i biB nm. It may 
possibly signify " by Rome's most exalted temple ! " 
viz., that of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, erected on the 
Capitol. Other doubtful suggestions I have refuted 
in my notes to T^T^S n ^?^ Vienna 1859. 

DVfb»n, by God ! (Kiddu. 44:, Nazir 42 :, Sanhed. 72., 
Chiill. 54.). 

Wjr?, go on ! forwards! (Gittin 34., Shabb. 119.), Is 
used also as an adverb designating, quickly, hastily 
(B. K. 84.). 

^1, Alas ! an exclamation of pain or dread ; Greek, 
oval ; L. vae. ^WJtfJ )) h T! (Berach. 31.), woe unto 
us, that we must die ! 

on, far be it ! absit ! ^b en (Arach. 16 :), far from me ! 
anb on (Kidd. 44:), corresponding to the Hebr. 
nb^bn (s. Hebr. Gr. § 1144). 

HW tfO? (Moed Katan. 5.), let it be the will of God ! 
please to God ! 

T?nb (Chagg. 16., Chull. 16.), to life ! your health ! 
good luck ! a la bonne heure ! 

W r?? (Zeba. 43., Chull. 90 :), Lord of this ! Rashi 
interprets : Oh, thou creator of this statement ! I 
think it to express : Lord of the world ! and "p^, 

definition to be a mere whim of the author, and to repeat it here would as 
well imply the suggestion of having mistaken it for a philol. truth. 



INTERJECTIONS. 121 

"this," to relate to the earth, — an exclamation ac- 
companied by the gesture of treading on the floor 
where the excited speaker was standing. 

drroan rrnri (Shabb. 22., Keth. 2.), Lord Abraham's ! 
Great God ! 

nbb ana (Nedar 22 :), Lord of the universe ! 

nrab, Moses ! by Moses ! rrraajj T»w» n»fa, by Moses . 
thou hast well spoken ! * 

T? (Kethu. 103 :), let it be so, though it be so. 
Originally the future of the verb tfin with 3, accord- 
ing to the Syriac Kiro, let it be.** 

acbftn son, by the king's crown ! f an expression for 
swearing. 

* There is found no swearing by a mortal name, whether in the Talmud or 
in any other Hebrew book. Rashi, therefore, interprets this riW as a com- 
plimentary expression of deference to the authority which is to be interro- 
gated : so in the above instance, Thou, a second Moses, hast thou well 
spoken ? 

** This explanation belongs also to the above-mentioned R. Aebr. Lattes. A. 

f x:n is undoubtedly the L. toga, the garment worn by the Romans, and 
Str^>E"! tfnn designs the toga praetexta worn by high officers. 






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